Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 112004 |
| Journal | Materials and design |
| Volume | 231 |
| Early online date | 18 May 2023 |
| Publication status | Published - Jul 2023 |
Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are a class of smart materials with inherent shape memory and superelastic characteristics. Unlike other SMAs, iron-based SMAs (Fe-SMA) offer cost-effectiveness, weldability, and robust mechanical strength for the construction industry. Thus, applying these promising materials to advanced manufacturing processes is of considerable industrial and academic relevance. This study aims to present a pioneer application of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–V-C SMA to arc-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, namely wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), examining the microstructure evolution and mechanical/functional response. The WAAM-fabricated Fe-SMAs presented negligible porosity and high deposition efficiency. Microstructure characterization encompassing electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-deposited material is primarily composed by γ FCC phase with modest amounts of VC, ε and σ phases. Tensile and cyclic testing highlighted the Fe-SMA's excellent mechanical and functional response. Tensile testing revealed a yield strength and fracture stress of 472 and 821 MPa, respectively, with a fracture strain of 26%. After uniaxial tensile loading to fracture, the γ → ε phase transformation was clearly evidenced with post-mortem synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclic stability during 100 load/unloading cycles was also evaluated, showcasing the potential applicability of the fabricated material for structural applications.
Keywords
- Additive manufacturing, Arc-based DED, Characterization, Iron-based, Phase transformation, Shape memory alloys
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Materials Science(all)
- General Materials Science
- Engineering(all)
- Mechanics of Materials
- Engineering(all)
- Mechanical Engineering
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In: Materials and design, Vol. 231, 112004, 07.2023.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Wire and arc additive manufacturing of Fe-based shape memory alloys: Microstructure, mechanical and functional behavior
AU - Felice, Igor O.
AU - Shen, Jiajia
AU - Barragan, André F.C.
AU - Moura, Isaque A.B.
AU - Li, Binqiang
AU - Wang, Binbin
AU - Khodaverdi, Hesamodin
AU - Mohri, Maryam
AU - Schell, Norbert
AU - Ghafoori, Elyas
AU - Santos, Telmo G.
AU - Oliveira, J. P.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES) for its financial support via the project UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI). JS acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for funding the Ph.D. grant (CSC NO. 201808320394). JPO acknowledges funding by national funds from FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the projects LA/P/0037/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 and UIDB/50025/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication – i3N. This activity has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) – Project Smart WAAM: Microstructural Engineering and Integrated Non-Destructive Testing. This body of the European Union receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
PY - 2023/7
Y1 - 2023/7
N2 - Shape memory alloys (SMA) are a class of smart materials with inherent shape memory and superelastic characteristics. Unlike other SMAs, iron-based SMAs (Fe-SMA) offer cost-effectiveness, weldability, and robust mechanical strength for the construction industry. Thus, applying these promising materials to advanced manufacturing processes is of considerable industrial and academic relevance. This study aims to present a pioneer application of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–V-C SMA to arc-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, namely wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), examining the microstructure evolution and mechanical/functional response. The WAAM-fabricated Fe-SMAs presented negligible porosity and high deposition efficiency. Microstructure characterization encompassing electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-deposited material is primarily composed by γ FCC phase with modest amounts of VC, ε and σ phases. Tensile and cyclic testing highlighted the Fe-SMA's excellent mechanical and functional response. Tensile testing revealed a yield strength and fracture stress of 472 and 821 MPa, respectively, with a fracture strain of 26%. After uniaxial tensile loading to fracture, the γ → ε phase transformation was clearly evidenced with post-mortem synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclic stability during 100 load/unloading cycles was also evaluated, showcasing the potential applicability of the fabricated material for structural applications.
AB - Shape memory alloys (SMA) are a class of smart materials with inherent shape memory and superelastic characteristics. Unlike other SMAs, iron-based SMAs (Fe-SMA) offer cost-effectiveness, weldability, and robust mechanical strength for the construction industry. Thus, applying these promising materials to advanced manufacturing processes is of considerable industrial and academic relevance. This study aims to present a pioneer application of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–V-C SMA to arc-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, namely wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), examining the microstructure evolution and mechanical/functional response. The WAAM-fabricated Fe-SMAs presented negligible porosity and high deposition efficiency. Microstructure characterization encompassing electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-deposited material is primarily composed by γ FCC phase with modest amounts of VC, ε and σ phases. Tensile and cyclic testing highlighted the Fe-SMA's excellent mechanical and functional response. Tensile testing revealed a yield strength and fracture stress of 472 and 821 MPa, respectively, with a fracture strain of 26%. After uniaxial tensile loading to fracture, the γ → ε phase transformation was clearly evidenced with post-mortem synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclic stability during 100 load/unloading cycles was also evaluated, showcasing the potential applicability of the fabricated material for structural applications.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Arc-based DED
KW - Characterization
KW - Iron-based
KW - Phase transformation
KW - Shape memory alloys
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85160014718&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112004
DO - 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112004
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85160014718
VL - 231
JO - Materials and design
JF - Materials and design
SN - 0264-1275
M1 - 112004
ER -