Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Publication status | Published - 29 Dec 2021 |
| Event | AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2022 - San Diego, United States Duration: 3 Jan 2022 → 7 Jan 2022 |
Conference
| Conference | AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2022 |
|---|---|
| Country/Territory | United States |
| City | San Diego |
| Period | 3 Jan 2022 → 7 Jan 2022 |
Abstract
In 1895, Otto Lilienthal patented, built and repeatably flew a research aircraft equipped with a set of control surfaces actuated by the pilot. It had rubber-band activated leading edge flaps for automatic pitch control, and spoilerons, wing warping and rudder for yaw and roll control, which were actuated by a hip cradle. A full-scale replica and a 1:5 model were built for this investigation. All structural materials relevant to the flying qualities, were selected with great care. The 1:5 model was tested in two different wind tunnels at the “Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology” of the German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) in Göttingen, Germany. The full-scale replica was used for a set of tethered flight tests on the Outer Banks (NC) in cooperation with Kitty Hawk Kites. The wind tunnel tests gave new insights into the performance, trim state, flight stability and controllability. Based on the commonly used classification of Lilienthal’s gliders the “Experimentiergerät” or in the remainder of this text “Experimental Monoplane” has a wingspan of 8.8m and a wing surface area of 23m2 (appr. 250ft2). Lilienthal wrote that those larger dimensions lead to better performance at low wind speeds compared to his previous designs, but required additional means of control, as his weight shift method provided only very limited control authority for wing spans of more than 7m. Wind tunnel measurements and a limited set of flight tests were performed in order to investigate, whether the patented automatic pitch control and the control surfaces were sufficient to control the glider.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Engineering(all)
- Aerospace Engineering
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2021. Paper presented at AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2022, San Diego, United States.
Research output: Contribution to conference › Paper › Research › peer review
}
TY - CONF
T1 - Wind tunnel and flight testing of Otto Lilienthal’s Experimental Monoplane from 1895
AU - Raffel, Markus
AU - Weinhold, Pascal
AU - Wienke, Felix
AU - Schwarz, Clemens
AU - Dillmann, Andreas
PY - 2021/12/29
Y1 - 2021/12/29
N2 - In 1895, Otto Lilienthal patented, built and repeatably flew a research aircraft equipped with a set of control surfaces actuated by the pilot. It had rubber-band activated leading edge flaps for automatic pitch control, and spoilerons, wing warping and rudder for yaw and roll control, which were actuated by a hip cradle. A full-scale replica and a 1:5 model were built for this investigation. All structural materials relevant to the flying qualities, were selected with great care. The 1:5 model was tested in two different wind tunnels at the “Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology” of the German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) in Göttingen, Germany. The full-scale replica was used for a set of tethered flight tests on the Outer Banks (NC) in cooperation with Kitty Hawk Kites. The wind tunnel tests gave new insights into the performance, trim state, flight stability and controllability. Based on the commonly used classification of Lilienthal’s gliders the “Experimentiergerät” or in the remainder of this text “Experimental Monoplane” has a wingspan of 8.8m and a wing surface area of 23m2 (appr. 250ft2). Lilienthal wrote that those larger dimensions lead to better performance at low wind speeds compared to his previous designs, but required additional means of control, as his weight shift method provided only very limited control authority for wing spans of more than 7m. Wind tunnel measurements and a limited set of flight tests were performed in order to investigate, whether the patented automatic pitch control and the control surfaces were sufficient to control the glider.
AB - In 1895, Otto Lilienthal patented, built and repeatably flew a research aircraft equipped with a set of control surfaces actuated by the pilot. It had rubber-band activated leading edge flaps for automatic pitch control, and spoilerons, wing warping and rudder for yaw and roll control, which were actuated by a hip cradle. A full-scale replica and a 1:5 model were built for this investigation. All structural materials relevant to the flying qualities, were selected with great care. The 1:5 model was tested in two different wind tunnels at the “Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology” of the German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) in Göttingen, Germany. The full-scale replica was used for a set of tethered flight tests on the Outer Banks (NC) in cooperation with Kitty Hawk Kites. The wind tunnel tests gave new insights into the performance, trim state, flight stability and controllability. Based on the commonly used classification of Lilienthal’s gliders the “Experimentiergerät” or in the remainder of this text “Experimental Monoplane” has a wingspan of 8.8m and a wing surface area of 23m2 (appr. 250ft2). Lilienthal wrote that those larger dimensions lead to better performance at low wind speeds compared to his previous designs, but required additional means of control, as his weight shift method provided only very limited control authority for wing spans of more than 7m. Wind tunnel measurements and a limited set of flight tests were performed in order to investigate, whether the patented automatic pitch control and the control surfaces were sufficient to control the glider.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85123397457&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2514/6.2022-1605
DO - 10.2514/6.2022-1605
M3 - Paper
AN - SCOPUS:85123397457
T2 - AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition, AIAA SciTech Forum 2022
Y2 - 3 January 2022 through 7 January 2022
ER -