Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Title of host publication | Glacially-Triggered Faulting |
| Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| Pages | 67-88 |
| Number of pages | 22 |
| ISBN (electronic) | 9781108779906 |
| ISBN (print) | 9781108490023 |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2021 |
Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the use of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) as palaeoearthquake indicators in formerly glaciated and periglacial areas. We review the most important processes of soft-sediment deformation and the various nomenclature used in scientific communities. In recent years many studies have focused on SSDS to identify past seismic events. So-called seismites are beds with SSDS that formed as a result of seismic shaking. However, in regions affected by glacial and periglacial processes, the use of SSDS as palaeoearthquake indicator is challenging, and interpretation must be done with care. Earthquakes are only one trigger process of many that can cause liquefaction and/or fluidization of sediments, leading to the formation of SSDS such as load casts, flame structures, ball-and-pillow structures, convolute bedding, sand intrusions, dish-and-pillar structures, clastic dykes, sand volcanoes, craters/bowls and gravity induced mass-flows. Ice-sheet loading, glaciotectonism and freeze and thaw processes in glacial and periglacial environments are also potential trigger processes that can cause the formation of similar types of SSDS, which can easily be mistaken for seismites. Therefore, it is important to use clear criteria to recognize seismites in the field. Characteristic features of seismically induced SSDS are: 1) their occurrence close to major faults; 2) their presence in several outcrops in the same stratigraphic interval; 3) their large lateral extent, although high lateral variabilities of the deformation style, pattern and bed thicknesses are possible, depending on the susceptibility of the sediments to liquefaction and/or fluidization; and 4) the occurrence of deformation bands close to the tip line, where fault displacement goes to zero. The combination of deformation bands that occur in the vicinity of basement faults with carefully evaluated SSDS is a robust indicator for palaeoearthquakes. The results presented in this chapter are transferable to other comparable, seismically active intraplate regions.
Keywords
- Cryoturbation, Deformation Band, Earthquake, Fluidization, Glaciotectonics, Liquefaction, Neotectonics, Nomenclature, Palaeoseismology, Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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Glacially-Triggered Faulting. Cambridge University Press, 2021. p. 67-88.
Research output: Chapter in book/report/conference proceeding › Contribution to book/anthology › Research › peer review
}
TY - CHAP
T1 - The Challenge to Distinguish Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures (SSDS) Formed by Glaciotectonic, Periglacial and Seismic Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Area
T2 - A Review and Synthesis
AU - Müller, Katharina
AU - Winsemann, Jutta
AU - Pisarska-Jamroży, Małgorzata
AU - Lege, Thomas
AU - Spies, Thomas
AU - Brandes, Christian
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © Cambridge University Press 2022.
PY - 2021/1/1
Y1 - 2021/1/1
N2 - This chapter gives an overview of the use of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) as palaeoearthquake indicators in formerly glaciated and periglacial areas. We review the most important processes of soft-sediment deformation and the various nomenclature used in scientific communities. In recent years many studies have focused on SSDS to identify past seismic events. So-called seismites are beds with SSDS that formed as a result of seismic shaking. However, in regions affected by glacial and periglacial processes, the use of SSDS as palaeoearthquake indicator is challenging, and interpretation must be done with care. Earthquakes are only one trigger process of many that can cause liquefaction and/or fluidization of sediments, leading to the formation of SSDS such as load casts, flame structures, ball-and-pillow structures, convolute bedding, sand intrusions, dish-and-pillar structures, clastic dykes, sand volcanoes, craters/bowls and gravity induced mass-flows. Ice-sheet loading, glaciotectonism and freeze and thaw processes in glacial and periglacial environments are also potential trigger processes that can cause the formation of similar types of SSDS, which can easily be mistaken for seismites. Therefore, it is important to use clear criteria to recognize seismites in the field. Characteristic features of seismically induced SSDS are: 1) their occurrence close to major faults; 2) their presence in several outcrops in the same stratigraphic interval; 3) their large lateral extent, although high lateral variabilities of the deformation style, pattern and bed thicknesses are possible, depending on the susceptibility of the sediments to liquefaction and/or fluidization; and 4) the occurrence of deformation bands close to the tip line, where fault displacement goes to zero. The combination of deformation bands that occur in the vicinity of basement faults with carefully evaluated SSDS is a robust indicator for palaeoearthquakes. The results presented in this chapter are transferable to other comparable, seismically active intraplate regions.
AB - This chapter gives an overview of the use of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) as palaeoearthquake indicators in formerly glaciated and periglacial areas. We review the most important processes of soft-sediment deformation and the various nomenclature used in scientific communities. In recent years many studies have focused on SSDS to identify past seismic events. So-called seismites are beds with SSDS that formed as a result of seismic shaking. However, in regions affected by glacial and periglacial processes, the use of SSDS as palaeoearthquake indicator is challenging, and interpretation must be done with care. Earthquakes are only one trigger process of many that can cause liquefaction and/or fluidization of sediments, leading to the formation of SSDS such as load casts, flame structures, ball-and-pillow structures, convolute bedding, sand intrusions, dish-and-pillar structures, clastic dykes, sand volcanoes, craters/bowls and gravity induced mass-flows. Ice-sheet loading, glaciotectonism and freeze and thaw processes in glacial and periglacial environments are also potential trigger processes that can cause the formation of similar types of SSDS, which can easily be mistaken for seismites. Therefore, it is important to use clear criteria to recognize seismites in the field. Characteristic features of seismically induced SSDS are: 1) their occurrence close to major faults; 2) their presence in several outcrops in the same stratigraphic interval; 3) their large lateral extent, although high lateral variabilities of the deformation style, pattern and bed thicknesses are possible, depending on the susceptibility of the sediments to liquefaction and/or fluidization; and 4) the occurrence of deformation bands close to the tip line, where fault displacement goes to zero. The combination of deformation bands that occur in the vicinity of basement faults with carefully evaluated SSDS is a robust indicator for palaeoearthquakes. The results presented in this chapter are transferable to other comparable, seismically active intraplate regions.
KW - Cryoturbation
KW - Deformation Band
KW - Earthquake
KW - Fluidization
KW - Glaciotectonics
KW - Liquefaction
KW - Neotectonics
KW - Nomenclature
KW - Palaeoseismology
KW - Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85185202320&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1017/9781108779906.007
DO - 10.1017/9781108779906.007
M3 - Contribution to book/anthology
AN - SCOPUS:85185202320
SN - 9781108490023
SP - 67
EP - 88
BT - Glacially-Triggered Faulting
PB - Cambridge University Press
ER -