Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 108498 |
| Journal | Electric Power Systems Research |
| Volume | 213 |
| Early online date | 19 Aug 2022 |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2022 |
Abstract
If a blackout occurs, self-starting units, like grid-forming inverters, are needed for a black start and a restoration in a low voltage grid. Reliable power supply of the grid by grid-forming inverters can be achieved by storage systems connected to the grid-forming inverters. The use of storage systems as a power source for the grid-forming inverters requires that the storage systems must not be completely discharged or charged, otherwise the functionality of balancing the power of the grid-forming inverters is not guaranteed and a restoration failure would result. This paper presents a concept for grid restoration and maintaining a reliable island operation using a secondary control structure in combination with the implementation of a state machine in smart meters to handle such critical cases of the storage systems. The secondary control can also restore the nominal frequency after load changes without any communication between grid elements. RMS simulations are carried out in DIgSILENT PowerFactory showing the restoration process and island operation in different scenarios.
Keywords
- Frequency regulation, Grid restoration without communication, Grid-forming inverter, Secondary control
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Energy(all)
- Energy Engineering and Power Technology
- Engineering(all)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Sustainable Development Goals
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In: Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 213, 108498, 12.2022.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Secondary control with grid-forming inverters for an island grid restoration approach without communication
AU - Bekker, Iwo
AU - Hofmann, Lutz
AU - Mertens, Axel
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Germany on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag – project RuBICon, ID number 03EI4003A . All authors approved the version of the manuscript to be published.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - If a blackout occurs, self-starting units, like grid-forming inverters, are needed for a black start and a restoration in a low voltage grid. Reliable power supply of the grid by grid-forming inverters can be achieved by storage systems connected to the grid-forming inverters. The use of storage systems as a power source for the grid-forming inverters requires that the storage systems must not be completely discharged or charged, otherwise the functionality of balancing the power of the grid-forming inverters is not guaranteed and a restoration failure would result. This paper presents a concept for grid restoration and maintaining a reliable island operation using a secondary control structure in combination with the implementation of a state machine in smart meters to handle such critical cases of the storage systems. The secondary control can also restore the nominal frequency after load changes without any communication between grid elements. RMS simulations are carried out in DIgSILENT PowerFactory showing the restoration process and island operation in different scenarios.
AB - If a blackout occurs, self-starting units, like grid-forming inverters, are needed for a black start and a restoration in a low voltage grid. Reliable power supply of the grid by grid-forming inverters can be achieved by storage systems connected to the grid-forming inverters. The use of storage systems as a power source for the grid-forming inverters requires that the storage systems must not be completely discharged or charged, otherwise the functionality of balancing the power of the grid-forming inverters is not guaranteed and a restoration failure would result. This paper presents a concept for grid restoration and maintaining a reliable island operation using a secondary control structure in combination with the implementation of a state machine in smart meters to handle such critical cases of the storage systems. The secondary control can also restore the nominal frequency after load changes without any communication between grid elements. RMS simulations are carried out in DIgSILENT PowerFactory showing the restoration process and island operation in different scenarios.
KW - Frequency regulation
KW - Grid restoration without communication
KW - Grid-forming inverter
KW - Secondary control
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85136607243&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108498
DO - 10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108498
M3 - Article
VL - 213
JO - Electric Power Systems Research
JF - Electric Power Systems Research
SN - 0378-7796
M1 - 108498
ER -