Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 1118 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-19 |
| Number of pages | 19 |
| Journal | Plants |
| Volume | 9 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| Early online date | 29 Aug 2020 |
| Publication status | Published - Sept 2020 |
Abstract
Russeting is an economically important surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Indirect evidence suggests an irregular skin structure may be the cause of the phenomenon. The objective of this study was to characterize epidermal and hypodermal cell morphology and the mechanical properties of the skins of apple cultivars of differing russet susceptibility. Dimensions of epidermal and hypodermal cells were determined using microscopy. Stiffness (S), maximum force (Fmax), and maximum strain (ɛmax) at failure were quantified using uniaxial tensile tests of skin strips. Particularly during early fruit development, epidermal cells (EC) and hypodermal cells (HC) in russet non-susceptible cultivars occurred in greater numbers per unit area than in russet-susceptible ones. The EC and HC were lower in height, shorter in length, and of reduced tangential surface area. There were little differences in S or Fmax between non-susceptible and susceptible cultivars. However, the ɛmax were higher for the skins of non-susceptible cultivars, than for those of susceptible ones. This difference was larger for the young than for the later growth stages. It is concluded that russet-susceptible cultivars generally have larger cells and a wider distribution of cell sizes for both EC and HC. These result in decreased ɛmax for the skin during early fruit development when russet susceptibility is high. This increases the chances of skin failures which is known to trigger russeting.
Keywords
- Epidermis, Hypodermis, Malus × domestica, Mechanical properties, Russet
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Environmental Science(all)
- Ecology
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Plant Science
Cite this
- Standard
- Harvard
- Apa
- Vancouver
- BibTeX
- RIS
In: Plants, Vol. 9, No. 9, 1118, 09.2020, p. 1-19.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Russet susceptibility in apple is associated with skin cells that are larger, more variable in size, and of reduced fracture strain
AU - Khanal, Bishnu P.
AU - Le, Thi Lieu
AU - Si, Yiru
AU - Knoche, Moritz
N1 - Funding information: This research was funded in part by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access fund of Leibniz University of Hannover.
PY - 2020/9
Y1 - 2020/9
N2 - Russeting is an economically important surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Indirect evidence suggests an irregular skin structure may be the cause of the phenomenon. The objective of this study was to characterize epidermal and hypodermal cell morphology and the mechanical properties of the skins of apple cultivars of differing russet susceptibility. Dimensions of epidermal and hypodermal cells were determined using microscopy. Stiffness (S), maximum force (Fmax), and maximum strain (ɛmax) at failure were quantified using uniaxial tensile tests of skin strips. Particularly during early fruit development, epidermal cells (EC) and hypodermal cells (HC) in russet non-susceptible cultivars occurred in greater numbers per unit area than in russet-susceptible ones. The EC and HC were lower in height, shorter in length, and of reduced tangential surface area. There were little differences in S or Fmax between non-susceptible and susceptible cultivars. However, the ɛmax were higher for the skins of non-susceptible cultivars, than for those of susceptible ones. This difference was larger for the young than for the later growth stages. It is concluded that russet-susceptible cultivars generally have larger cells and a wider distribution of cell sizes for both EC and HC. These result in decreased ɛmax for the skin during early fruit development when russet susceptibility is high. This increases the chances of skin failures which is known to trigger russeting.
AB - Russeting is an economically important surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Indirect evidence suggests an irregular skin structure may be the cause of the phenomenon. The objective of this study was to characterize epidermal and hypodermal cell morphology and the mechanical properties of the skins of apple cultivars of differing russet susceptibility. Dimensions of epidermal and hypodermal cells were determined using microscopy. Stiffness (S), maximum force (Fmax), and maximum strain (ɛmax) at failure were quantified using uniaxial tensile tests of skin strips. Particularly during early fruit development, epidermal cells (EC) and hypodermal cells (HC) in russet non-susceptible cultivars occurred in greater numbers per unit area than in russet-susceptible ones. The EC and HC were lower in height, shorter in length, and of reduced tangential surface area. There were little differences in S or Fmax between non-susceptible and susceptible cultivars. However, the ɛmax were higher for the skins of non-susceptible cultivars, than for those of susceptible ones. This difference was larger for the young than for the later growth stages. It is concluded that russet-susceptible cultivars generally have larger cells and a wider distribution of cell sizes for both EC and HC. These result in decreased ɛmax for the skin during early fruit development when russet susceptibility is high. This increases the chances of skin failures which is known to trigger russeting.
KW - Epidermis
KW - Hypodermis
KW - Malus × domestica
KW - Mechanical properties
KW - Russet
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85093897294&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/plants9091118
DO - 10.3390/plants9091118
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85093897294
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 19
JO - Plants
JF - Plants
IS - 9
M1 - 1118
ER -