Details
Original language | English |
---|---|
Title of host publication | Springer Handbook on Surface Science |
Place of Publication | Heidelberg |
Publisher | Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH |
Chapter | 19 |
Pages | 557-584 |
Number of pages | 28 |
ISBN (electronic) | 978-3-030-46906-1 |
ISBN (print) | 978-3-030-46904-7 |
Publication status | Published - 2020 |
Publication series
Name | Springer Handbooks |
---|---|
ISSN (Print) | 2522-8692 |
ISSN (electronic) | 2522-8706 |
Abstract
This chapter will provide an overview of the properties of low-dimensional plasmons, discussing particularly characteristic examples. We will start with two-dimensional sheet plasmons (Sect. 19.1), concentrating on the plasmonic properties of the system most widely investigated in the recent past, graphene. Further emphasis will be given to low-dimensional plasmons coupled to other electron gases, which leads to linearization in the form of acoustic surface plasmons, but also to crossover of dimensionality, depending on plasmonic wavelengths. Finally we turn to quasi-one-dimensional systems and their corresponding plasmons, and try at the end to solve the puzzle of broad loss peaks but still fairly large plasmonic lifetimes. Plasmons in low-dimensional systems represent an important tool for coupling energy into nanostructures and the localization of energy on the scale of only a few nanometers. Contrary to ordinary surface plasmons of metallic bulk materials, the dispersion of low-dimensional plasmons goes to zero in the long wavelength limit, thus covering a broad range of energies from terahertz to near-infrared, and from mesoscopic wavelengths down to those of just a few nanometers. Using specific, characteristic examples, we first review the properties of plasmons in two-dimensional (2-D) metallic layers from an experimental point of view. As demonstrated, tuning of their dispersion is possible by changes in charge carrier concentration in the partially filled 2-D conduction bands, but for a relativistic electron gas such as in graphene, only in the long wavelength limit. For short wavelengths, on the other hand, the dispersion turns out to be independent of the position of the Fermi level with respect to the Dirac point. A linear dispersion, seen under the latter conditions in graphene, can also be obtained in nonrelativistic electron gases by coupling between 2-D and 3-D (three-dimensional) electronic systems. As a well-investigated example, we discuss the acoustic surface plasmons in Shockley surface states, coupled with the bulk electronic system. Also, the introduction of anisotropy, e. g., by regular arrays of steps, seems to result in linearization (and to partial localization of the plasmons normal to the steps, depending on wavelengths). In quasi-one-dimensional (1-D) systems, such as arrays of gold chains on regularly stepped Si surfaces, only the dispersion is 1-D, whereas the shape and slope of the dispersion curves are dependent on the 2-D distribution of charge within each terrace and on coupling between wires on different terraces. In other words, the form of the confining quasi-1-D potential enters directly into the 1-D plasmon dispersion and offers new opportunities for tuning.
Keywords
- Acoustic Surface Plasmon, Atomic Wires, EELS-LEED, Plasmon Width, Quasi 1D Plasmons, Sheet Plasmons
ASJC Scopus subject areas
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Springer Handbook on Surface Science. Heidelberg: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2020. p. 557-584 (Springer Handbooks).
Research output: Chapter in book/report/conference proceeding › Contribution to book/anthology › Research › peer review
}
TY - CHAP
T1 - Plasmons in one and two dimensions
AU - Pfnür, Herbert
AU - Tegenkamp, Christoph
AU - Vattuone, Luca
PY - 2020
Y1 - 2020
N2 - This chapter will provide an overview of the properties of low-dimensional plasmons, discussing particularly characteristic examples. We will start with two-dimensional sheet plasmons (Sect. 19.1), concentrating on the plasmonic properties of the system most widely investigated in the recent past, graphene. Further emphasis will be given to low-dimensional plasmons coupled to other electron gases, which leads to linearization in the form of acoustic surface plasmons, but also to crossover of dimensionality, depending on plasmonic wavelengths. Finally we turn to quasi-one-dimensional systems and their corresponding plasmons, and try at the end to solve the puzzle of broad loss peaks but still fairly large plasmonic lifetimes. Plasmons in low-dimensional systems represent an important tool for coupling energy into nanostructures and the localization of energy on the scale of only a few nanometers. Contrary to ordinary surface plasmons of metallic bulk materials, the dispersion of low-dimensional plasmons goes to zero in the long wavelength limit, thus covering a broad range of energies from terahertz to near-infrared, and from mesoscopic wavelengths down to those of just a few nanometers. Using specific, characteristic examples, we first review the properties of plasmons in two-dimensional (2-D) metallic layers from an experimental point of view. As demonstrated, tuning of their dispersion is possible by changes in charge carrier concentration in the partially filled 2-D conduction bands, but for a relativistic electron gas such as in graphene, only in the long wavelength limit. For short wavelengths, on the other hand, the dispersion turns out to be independent of the position of the Fermi level with respect to the Dirac point. A linear dispersion, seen under the latter conditions in graphene, can also be obtained in nonrelativistic electron gases by coupling between 2-D and 3-D (three-dimensional) electronic systems. As a well-investigated example, we discuss the acoustic surface plasmons in Shockley surface states, coupled with the bulk electronic system. Also, the introduction of anisotropy, e. g., by regular arrays of steps, seems to result in linearization (and to partial localization of the plasmons normal to the steps, depending on wavelengths). In quasi-one-dimensional (1-D) systems, such as arrays of gold chains on regularly stepped Si surfaces, only the dispersion is 1-D, whereas the shape and slope of the dispersion curves are dependent on the 2-D distribution of charge within each terrace and on coupling between wires on different terraces. In other words, the form of the confining quasi-1-D potential enters directly into the 1-D plasmon dispersion and offers new opportunities for tuning.
AB - This chapter will provide an overview of the properties of low-dimensional plasmons, discussing particularly characteristic examples. We will start with two-dimensional sheet plasmons (Sect. 19.1), concentrating on the plasmonic properties of the system most widely investigated in the recent past, graphene. Further emphasis will be given to low-dimensional plasmons coupled to other electron gases, which leads to linearization in the form of acoustic surface plasmons, but also to crossover of dimensionality, depending on plasmonic wavelengths. Finally we turn to quasi-one-dimensional systems and their corresponding plasmons, and try at the end to solve the puzzle of broad loss peaks but still fairly large plasmonic lifetimes. Plasmons in low-dimensional systems represent an important tool for coupling energy into nanostructures and the localization of energy on the scale of only a few nanometers. Contrary to ordinary surface plasmons of metallic bulk materials, the dispersion of low-dimensional plasmons goes to zero in the long wavelength limit, thus covering a broad range of energies from terahertz to near-infrared, and from mesoscopic wavelengths down to those of just a few nanometers. Using specific, characteristic examples, we first review the properties of plasmons in two-dimensional (2-D) metallic layers from an experimental point of view. As demonstrated, tuning of their dispersion is possible by changes in charge carrier concentration in the partially filled 2-D conduction bands, but for a relativistic electron gas such as in graphene, only in the long wavelength limit. For short wavelengths, on the other hand, the dispersion turns out to be independent of the position of the Fermi level with respect to the Dirac point. A linear dispersion, seen under the latter conditions in graphene, can also be obtained in nonrelativistic electron gases by coupling between 2-D and 3-D (three-dimensional) electronic systems. As a well-investigated example, we discuss the acoustic surface plasmons in Shockley surface states, coupled with the bulk electronic system. Also, the introduction of anisotropy, e. g., by regular arrays of steps, seems to result in linearization (and to partial localization of the plasmons normal to the steps, depending on wavelengths). In quasi-one-dimensional (1-D) systems, such as arrays of gold chains on regularly stepped Si surfaces, only the dispersion is 1-D, whereas the shape and slope of the dispersion curves are dependent on the 2-D distribution of charge within each terrace and on coupling between wires on different terraces. In other words, the form of the confining quasi-1-D potential enters directly into the 1-D plasmon dispersion and offers new opportunities for tuning.
KW - Acoustic Surface Plasmon
KW - Atomic Wires
KW - EELS-LEED
KW - Plasmon Width
KW - Quasi 1D Plasmons
KW - Sheet Plasmons
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85077440481&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.48550/arXiv.1701.05049
DO - 10.48550/arXiv.1701.05049
M3 - Contribution to book/anthology
AN - SCOPUS:85077440481
SN - 978-3-030-46904-7
T3 - Springer Handbooks
SP - 557
EP - 584
BT - Springer Handbook on Surface Science
PB - Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
CY - Heidelberg
ER -