Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3536-3545 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
| Volume | 134 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| Publication status | Published - 10 Dec 2013 |
Abstract
The installation of offshore wind farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone requires the deployment of sonar transponders to prevent collisions with submarines. The general requirements for these systems have been previously worked out by the Research Department for Underwater Acoustics and Marine Geophysics of the Bundeswehr. In this article, the major results of the research project "Investigation of Sonar Transponders for Offshore Wind Farms" are presented. For theoretical investigations a hybrid approach was implemented using the boundary element method to calculate the source directivity and a three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the transmission loss. The angle-dependence of the sound field as well as the weather-dependence of the transmission loss are compared to experimental results gathered at the offshore wind farm alpha ventus, located 45 km north of the island Borkum. While theoretical and experimental results are in general agreement, the implemented model slightly underestimates scattering at the rough sea surface. It is found that the source level of 200 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m is adequate to satisfy the detectability of the warning sequence at distances up to 2 NM (≈ 3.7 km) within a horizontal sector of ±60° if realistic assumptions about signal-processing and noise are made. An arrangement to enlarge the angular coverage is discussed.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Arts and Humanities(all)
- Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
- Physics and Astronomy(all)
- Acoustics and Ultrasonics
Sustainable Development Goals
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In: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 134, No. 5, 10.12.2013, p. 3536-3545.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Investigation of sonar transponders for offshore wind farms
T2 - Modeling approach, experimental setup, and results
AU - Fricke, Moritz B.
AU - Rolfes, Raimund
N1 - Funding information: This work was prepared within the framework of the research project “Investigation of Sonar Transponders for Offshore Wind Farms and Technical Integration to an Overall Concept” which was funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The project was realized in cooperation with the German Wind Energy Institute (DEWI), the Institute for Technical and Applied Physics (ITAP), as well as the companies THALES Instruments and BioConsult SH. The authors would like to thank both the project sponsor and the project partners. Additionally they thank Dr. Ivor Nissen from the Research Department for Underwater Acoustics and Marine Geophysics (FWG) for several helpful discussions and constructive comments.
PY - 2013/12/10
Y1 - 2013/12/10
N2 - The installation of offshore wind farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone requires the deployment of sonar transponders to prevent collisions with submarines. The general requirements for these systems have been previously worked out by the Research Department for Underwater Acoustics and Marine Geophysics of the Bundeswehr. In this article, the major results of the research project "Investigation of Sonar Transponders for Offshore Wind Farms" are presented. For theoretical investigations a hybrid approach was implemented using the boundary element method to calculate the source directivity and a three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the transmission loss. The angle-dependence of the sound field as well as the weather-dependence of the transmission loss are compared to experimental results gathered at the offshore wind farm alpha ventus, located 45 km north of the island Borkum. While theoretical and experimental results are in general agreement, the implemented model slightly underestimates scattering at the rough sea surface. It is found that the source level of 200 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m is adequate to satisfy the detectability of the warning sequence at distances up to 2 NM (≈ 3.7 km) within a horizontal sector of ±60° if realistic assumptions about signal-processing and noise are made. An arrangement to enlarge the angular coverage is discussed.
AB - The installation of offshore wind farms in the German Exclusive Economic Zone requires the deployment of sonar transponders to prevent collisions with submarines. The general requirements for these systems have been previously worked out by the Research Department for Underwater Acoustics and Marine Geophysics of the Bundeswehr. In this article, the major results of the research project "Investigation of Sonar Transponders for Offshore Wind Farms" are presented. For theoretical investigations a hybrid approach was implemented using the boundary element method to calculate the source directivity and a three-dimensional ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the transmission loss. The angle-dependence of the sound field as well as the weather-dependence of the transmission loss are compared to experimental results gathered at the offshore wind farm alpha ventus, located 45 km north of the island Borkum. While theoretical and experimental results are in general agreement, the implemented model slightly underestimates scattering at the rough sea surface. It is found that the source level of 200 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m is adequate to satisfy the detectability of the warning sequence at distances up to 2 NM (≈ 3.7 km) within a horizontal sector of ±60° if realistic assumptions about signal-processing and noise are made. An arrangement to enlarge the angular coverage is discussed.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84887488137&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1121/1.4823841
DO - 10.1121/1.4823841
M3 - Article
C2 - 24180764
AN - SCOPUS:84887488137
VL - 134
SP - 3536
EP - 3545
JO - Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
JF - Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
SN - 0001-4966
IS - 5
ER -