Details
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 112972 |
| Journal | Phytochemistry |
| Volume | 192 |
| Early online date | 5 Oct 2021 |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2021 |
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a severe soil-borne disease frequently observed in apple tree nurseries and orchards worldwide. One of the responses of apple trees to ARD is the formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in their roots. However, there is no information on whether or not these phytoalexins are exuded into the soil. To answer this open question, a model system was established using the ARD-sensitive apple rootstock M26 (Malus × domestica Borkh. Rosaceae) and GC-MS analysis in combination with an in-house GC-MS database including retention indices. We have detected a total of 35 phytoalexins, i.e. 10 biphenyls and 25 dibenzofurans in root samples, thereby adding eight compounds to the previously reported 27 phytoalexins of Malinae species. When in vitro cultured M26 plantlets were treated with yeast extract, all the 35 phytoalexins were formed in the roots and 85.2% of the total phytoalexin amount was exuded into the culture medium. In roots of M26 plants grown in ARD soil in pot, 26 phytoalexins were detected and their exudation was demonstrated using two independent approaches of collecting root exudates. In a modified dipping experiment and a soil-hydroponic hybrid setup, the exudation rate was 39.5% and 20.6%, respectively. The exudation rates for individual phytoalexins differed, indicating controlled exudation processes. The exuded phytoalexins may play an important role in shaping the soil microbiome, which appears to greatly influence the development and severity of ARD.
Keywords
- Apple replant disease, Apple rootstock M26, Biphenyl, Dibenzofuran, Exudation, Malus × domestica borkh., Phytoalexin, Rosaceae
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Biochemistry
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Molecular Biology
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Plant Science
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Horticulture
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In: Phytochemistry, Vol. 192, 112972, 12.2021.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Formation and exudation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins by roots of the apple rootstock M26 grown in apple replant disease soil
AU - Busnena, Belnaser A.
AU - Beuerle, Till
AU - Mahnkopp-Dirks, Felix
AU - Winkelmann, Traud
AU - Beerhues, Ludger
AU - Liu, Benye
N1 - Funding Information: This study was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG, BE 1174/19-1) and the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) via the project BonaRes-ORDIAmur (031B0512D and 031B0512A). Belnaser Busnena thanks the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for providing him with a scholarship. The authors acknowledge the help of the technicians Ewa Schneider, Friederike Schröder, Bärbel Ernst and Johanna Buse for the in vitro multiplication of apple plants. They also thank Dr. Stefan Weiβ and Dr. Annmarie-Deetia Rohr for setting up experiments and harvesting materials.
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - Apple replant disease (ARD) is a severe soil-borne disease frequently observed in apple tree nurseries and orchards worldwide. One of the responses of apple trees to ARD is the formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in their roots. However, there is no information on whether or not these phytoalexins are exuded into the soil. To answer this open question, a model system was established using the ARD-sensitive apple rootstock M26 (Malus × domestica Borkh. Rosaceae) and GC-MS analysis in combination with an in-house GC-MS database including retention indices. We have detected a total of 35 phytoalexins, i.e. 10 biphenyls and 25 dibenzofurans in root samples, thereby adding eight compounds to the previously reported 27 phytoalexins of Malinae species. When in vitro cultured M26 plantlets were treated with yeast extract, all the 35 phytoalexins were formed in the roots and 85.2% of the total phytoalexin amount was exuded into the culture medium. In roots of M26 plants grown in ARD soil in pot, 26 phytoalexins were detected and their exudation was demonstrated using two independent approaches of collecting root exudates. In a modified dipping experiment and a soil-hydroponic hybrid setup, the exudation rate was 39.5% and 20.6%, respectively. The exudation rates for individual phytoalexins differed, indicating controlled exudation processes. The exuded phytoalexins may play an important role in shaping the soil microbiome, which appears to greatly influence the development and severity of ARD.
AB - Apple replant disease (ARD) is a severe soil-borne disease frequently observed in apple tree nurseries and orchards worldwide. One of the responses of apple trees to ARD is the formation of biphenyl and dibenzofuran phytoalexins in their roots. However, there is no information on whether or not these phytoalexins are exuded into the soil. To answer this open question, a model system was established using the ARD-sensitive apple rootstock M26 (Malus × domestica Borkh. Rosaceae) and GC-MS analysis in combination with an in-house GC-MS database including retention indices. We have detected a total of 35 phytoalexins, i.e. 10 biphenyls and 25 dibenzofurans in root samples, thereby adding eight compounds to the previously reported 27 phytoalexins of Malinae species. When in vitro cultured M26 plantlets were treated with yeast extract, all the 35 phytoalexins were formed in the roots and 85.2% of the total phytoalexin amount was exuded into the culture medium. In roots of M26 plants grown in ARD soil in pot, 26 phytoalexins were detected and their exudation was demonstrated using two independent approaches of collecting root exudates. In a modified dipping experiment and a soil-hydroponic hybrid setup, the exudation rate was 39.5% and 20.6%, respectively. The exudation rates for individual phytoalexins differed, indicating controlled exudation processes. The exuded phytoalexins may play an important role in shaping the soil microbiome, which appears to greatly influence the development and severity of ARD.
KW - Apple replant disease
KW - Apple rootstock M26
KW - Biphenyl
KW - Dibenzofuran
KW - Exudation
KW - Malus × domestica borkh.
KW - Phytoalexin
KW - Rosaceae
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116270940&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112972
DO - 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112972
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85116270940
VL - 192
JO - Phytochemistry
JF - Phytochemistry
SN - 0031-9422
M1 - 112972
ER -