Details
Original language | English |
---|---|
Article number | e56403 |
Journal | Journal of applied polymer science |
Volume | 142 |
Issue number | 4 |
Early online date | 30 Oct 2024 |
Publication status | Published - 14 Dec 2024 |
Abstract
When silica-filled rubber compounds are deformed, structural modifications in the material's bulk lead to irreversible damage, the most significant of which is cavitation appearing within the interfaces of interconnected polymer and filler networks. This work introduces a new method to analyze cavitation in industrial-grade rubbers based on ultra small-angle x-ray scattering. This method employs a specially designed multi-sample stretching device for high-throughput measurements with statistical relevance. The proposed data reduction approach allows for early detection and quantification of cavitation while providing at the same time information on the hierarchical filler structures at length scales ranging from the primary particle size to large silica agglomerates over four orders of magnitude. To validate the method, the scattering of SSBR rubber compounds filled with highly dispersible silica at different ratios was measured under quasi-static strain. The strain was applied in incremental steps up to a maximum achievable elongation or breakage of the sample. From the measurements performed in multiple repetitions, it was found that the minimum strain necessary for cavity formation and the size evolution of the cavities with increasing strain are comparable between these samples. The sample with the highest polymer content showed the lowest rate of cavity formation and higher durability of silica structures. The structural stability of the compounds was determined by the evolution of the filler hierarchical structures, obtained by fitting data across the available strain range.
Keywords
- cavitation, filled rubber compounds, in situ straining, ultra small-angle x-ray scattering (USAXS)
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemistry(all)
- General Chemistry
- Materials Science(all)
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Materials Science(all)
- Polymers and Plastics
- Materials Science(all)
- Materials Chemistry
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In: Journal of applied polymer science, Vol. 142, No. 4, e56403, 14.12.2024.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Cavity formation in silica-filled rubber compounds observed during deformation by ultra small-angle x-ray scattering
AU - Yakovlev, Ilya
AU - Sztucki, Michael
AU - Fleck, Frank
AU - Karimi-Varzaneh, Hossein Ali
AU - Lacayo-Pineda, Jorge
AU - Vatterott, Christoph
AU - Giese, Ulrich
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
PY - 2024/12/14
Y1 - 2024/12/14
N2 - When silica-filled rubber compounds are deformed, structural modifications in the material's bulk lead to irreversible damage, the most significant of which is cavitation appearing within the interfaces of interconnected polymer and filler networks. This work introduces a new method to analyze cavitation in industrial-grade rubbers based on ultra small-angle x-ray scattering. This method employs a specially designed multi-sample stretching device for high-throughput measurements with statistical relevance. The proposed data reduction approach allows for early detection and quantification of cavitation while providing at the same time information on the hierarchical filler structures at length scales ranging from the primary particle size to large silica agglomerates over four orders of magnitude. To validate the method, the scattering of SSBR rubber compounds filled with highly dispersible silica at different ratios was measured under quasi-static strain. The strain was applied in incremental steps up to a maximum achievable elongation or breakage of the sample. From the measurements performed in multiple repetitions, it was found that the minimum strain necessary for cavity formation and the size evolution of the cavities with increasing strain are comparable between these samples. The sample with the highest polymer content showed the lowest rate of cavity formation and higher durability of silica structures. The structural stability of the compounds was determined by the evolution of the filler hierarchical structures, obtained by fitting data across the available strain range.
AB - When silica-filled rubber compounds are deformed, structural modifications in the material's bulk lead to irreversible damage, the most significant of which is cavitation appearing within the interfaces of interconnected polymer and filler networks. This work introduces a new method to analyze cavitation in industrial-grade rubbers based on ultra small-angle x-ray scattering. This method employs a specially designed multi-sample stretching device for high-throughput measurements with statistical relevance. The proposed data reduction approach allows for early detection and quantification of cavitation while providing at the same time information on the hierarchical filler structures at length scales ranging from the primary particle size to large silica agglomerates over four orders of magnitude. To validate the method, the scattering of SSBR rubber compounds filled with highly dispersible silica at different ratios was measured under quasi-static strain. The strain was applied in incremental steps up to a maximum achievable elongation or breakage of the sample. From the measurements performed in multiple repetitions, it was found that the minimum strain necessary for cavity formation and the size evolution of the cavities with increasing strain are comparable between these samples. The sample with the highest polymer content showed the lowest rate of cavity formation and higher durability of silica structures. The structural stability of the compounds was determined by the evolution of the filler hierarchical structures, obtained by fitting data across the available strain range.
KW - cavitation
KW - filled rubber compounds
KW - in situ straining
KW - ultra small-angle x-ray scattering (USAXS)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85206546440&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.48550/arXiv.2407.08541
DO - 10.48550/arXiv.2407.08541
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85206546440
VL - 142
JO - Journal of applied polymer science
JF - Journal of applied polymer science
SN - 0021-8995
IS - 4
M1 - e56403
ER -