TY - JOUR

T1 - Wire and arc additive manufacturing of Fe-based shape memory alloys: Microstructure, mechanical and functional behavior

AU - Felice, Igor O.

AU - Shen, Jiajia

AU - Barragan, André F.C.

AU - Moura, Isaque A.B.

AU - Li, Binqiang

AU - Wang, Binbin

AU - Khodaverdi, Hesamodin

AU - Mohri, Maryam

AU - Schell, Norbert

AU - Ghafoori, Elyas

AU - Santos, Telmo G.

AU - Oliveira, J. P.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES) for its financial support via the project UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI). JS acknowledges the China Scholarship Council for funding the Ph.D. grant (CSC NO. 201808320394). JPO acknowledges funding by national funds from FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the projects LA/P/0037/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 and UIDB/50025/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication – i3N. This activity has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) – Project Smart WAAM: Microstructural Engineering and Integrated Non-Destructive Testing. This body of the European Union receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - Shape memory alloys (SMA) are a class of smart materials with inherent shape memory and superelastic characteristics. Unlike other SMAs, iron-based SMAs (Fe-SMA) offer cost-effectiveness, weldability, and robust mechanical strength for the construction industry. Thus, applying these promising materials to advanced manufacturing processes is of considerable industrial and academic relevance. This study aims to present a pioneer application of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–V-C SMA to arc-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, namely wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), examining the microstructure evolution and mechanical/functional response. The WAAM-fabricated Fe-SMAs presented negligible porosity and high deposition efficiency. Microstructure characterization encompassing electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-deposited material is primarily composed by γ FCC phase with modest amounts of VC, ε and σ phases. Tensile and cyclic testing highlighted the Fe-SMA's excellent mechanical and functional response. Tensile testing revealed a yield strength and fracture stress of 472 and 821 MPa, respectively, with a fracture strain of 26%. After uniaxial tensile loading to fracture, the γ → ε phase transformation was clearly evidenced with post-mortem synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclic stability during 100 load/unloading cycles was also evaluated, showcasing the potential applicability of the fabricated material for structural applications.

AB - Shape memory alloys (SMA) are a class of smart materials with inherent shape memory and superelastic characteristics. Unlike other SMAs, iron-based SMAs (Fe-SMA) offer cost-effectiveness, weldability, and robust mechanical strength for the construction industry. Thus, applying these promising materials to advanced manufacturing processes is of considerable industrial and academic relevance. This study aims to present a pioneer application of a Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni–V-C SMA to arc-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing, namely wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), examining the microstructure evolution and mechanical/functional response. The WAAM-fabricated Fe-SMAs presented negligible porosity and high deposition efficiency. Microstructure characterization encompassing electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction revealed that the as-deposited material is primarily composed by γ FCC phase with modest amounts of VC, ε and σ phases. Tensile and cyclic testing highlighted the Fe-SMA's excellent mechanical and functional response. Tensile testing revealed a yield strength and fracture stress of 472 and 821 MPa, respectively, with a fracture strain of 26%. After uniaxial tensile loading to fracture, the γ → ε phase transformation was clearly evidenced with post-mortem synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclic stability during 100 load/unloading cycles was also evaluated, showcasing the potential applicability of the fabricated material for structural applications.

KW - Additive manufacturing

KW - Arc-based DED

KW - Characterization

KW - Iron-based

KW - Phase transformation

KW - Shape memory alloys

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85160014718&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112004

DO - 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112004

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85160014718

VL - 231

JO - Materials and design

JF - Materials and design

SN - 0264-1275

M1 - 112004

ER -