TY - JOUR

T1 - Software sensors in the monitoring of microalgae cultivations

AU - Porras Reyes, Luis

AU - Havlik, Ivo

AU - Beutel, Sascha

N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement N° 955520 (DigitAlgaesation)”.

PY - 2024/3

Y1 - 2024/3

N2 - Microalgae are well-known photosynthetic microorganisms used as cell factories for the production of relevant biotechnological compounds. Despite the outstanding characteristics attributed to microalgae, their industrial-scale production still struggles with scale-up problems and economic feasibility. One important bottleneck is the lack of suitable online sensors for the reliable monitoring of biological parameters, mostly concentrations of intracellular components, in microalgae bioprocesses. Software sensors provide an approach to improving the monitoring of those process parameters that are difficult to quantify directly and are therefore only indirectly accessible. Their use aims to improve the productivity of microalgal bioprocesses through better monitoring, control and automation, according to the current demands of Industry 4.0. In this review, a description of the microalgae components of interest as candidates for monitoring in a cultivation, an overview of software sensors, some of the available approaches and tools, and the current state-of-the-art of the design and use of software sensors in microalgae cultivation are presented. The latter is grouped on the basis of measurement methods used as software sensor inputs, employing either optical or non-optical techniques, or a combination of both. Some examples of software sensor design using simulated process data are also given, grouped according to their design, either as model-driven or data-driven estimators.

AB - Microalgae are well-known photosynthetic microorganisms used as cell factories for the production of relevant biotechnological compounds. Despite the outstanding characteristics attributed to microalgae, their industrial-scale production still struggles with scale-up problems and economic feasibility. One important bottleneck is the lack of suitable online sensors for the reliable monitoring of biological parameters, mostly concentrations of intracellular components, in microalgae bioprocesses. Software sensors provide an approach to improving the monitoring of those process parameters that are difficult to quantify directly and are therefore only indirectly accessible. Their use aims to improve the productivity of microalgal bioprocesses through better monitoring, control and automation, according to the current demands of Industry 4.0. In this review, a description of the microalgae components of interest as candidates for monitoring in a cultivation, an overview of software sensors, some of the available approaches and tools, and the current state-of-the-art of the design and use of software sensors in microalgae cultivation are presented. The latter is grouped on the basis of measurement methods used as software sensor inputs, employing either optical or non-optical techniques, or a combination of both. Some examples of software sensor design using simulated process data are also given, grouped according to their design, either as model-driven or data-driven estimators.

KW - Data-driven estimators

KW - Microalgae cultivation monitoring

KW - Model-driven estimators

KW - Non-optical methods

KW - Optical methods

KW - Software sensors

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85181967135&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s11157-023-09679-8

DO - 10.1007/s11157-023-09679-8

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85181967135

VL - 23

SP - 67

EP - 92

JO - Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology

JF - Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology

SN - 1569-1705

IS - 1

ER -