TY - JOUR

T1 - Small-scale contact angle mapping on undisturbed soil surfaces

AU - Bachmann, Joerg

AU - Goebel, Marc O.

AU - Woche, Susanne K.

N1 - Funding Information: Acknowledgement. Financial support by The German Research Foundation (DFG, SPP 1315 Biogeochemical Interfaces in Soil, BA1359/9-2) is greatly appreciated. We greatly thank Prof. Jürgen Böttcher for the analytical data of the soil profile ‘Elze’. Copyright: Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2013/3

Y1 - 2013/3

N2 - Research of the last years pointed out that most soils are neither completely hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, but exhibit a subcritical level of water repellency (i.e. contact angle, CA > 0 and < 90 ). Soil water repellency (SWR) is mainly caused by organic compounds of different origin and structure, showing the relevance of biofilms and organic coatings present at many particle surfaces. Despite the importance of SWR for hydraulic processes like preferential flow phenomena, generation of heterogeneous moisture patterns, or surface run-off generation, detailed investigations on the spatial variability of SWR at various scales have rarely been carried out. We introduce a new and easy-to-apply operation for measuring the spatial distribution of SWR using a modified sessile drop method for direct optical assessment of CA at a small scale. The specific objectives of this paper are to apply a sampling and preparation technique that preserves the original spatial arrangement of soil particles and to characterize soil wettability in terms of CA at a high spatial resolution. Results revealed that the sampling and preparation technique allows determination of CA at the millimeter scale using droplets of 1 μL volume. Direct measurement on grain surfaces of the sand fraction is possible for grain sizes > 300 μm using drop volumes down to 0.1 μL. Geostatistical evaluation showed that the measurement grid scale is below the range of spatial dependency for droplets of 1 μL volume, but not for measurements on single grains (pure nugget effect). Results show further that the small-scale differences in wettability, especially for CA < 90 , cannot be detected by the conventional WDPT test. From these findings it can be concluded that the proposed technique allows the identification of small-scale variations in wettability that may promote the formation of heterogeneous flow fields and moisture patterns in soil under unsaturated conditions.

AB - Research of the last years pointed out that most soils are neither completely hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, but exhibit a subcritical level of water repellency (i.e. contact angle, CA > 0 and < 90 ). Soil water repellency (SWR) is mainly caused by organic compounds of different origin and structure, showing the relevance of biofilms and organic coatings present at many particle surfaces. Despite the importance of SWR for hydraulic processes like preferential flow phenomena, generation of heterogeneous moisture patterns, or surface run-off generation, detailed investigations on the spatial variability of SWR at various scales have rarely been carried out. We introduce a new and easy-to-apply operation for measuring the spatial distribution of SWR using a modified sessile drop method for direct optical assessment of CA at a small scale. The specific objectives of this paper are to apply a sampling and preparation technique that preserves the original spatial arrangement of soil particles and to characterize soil wettability in terms of CA at a high spatial resolution. Results revealed that the sampling and preparation technique allows determination of CA at the millimeter scale using droplets of 1 μL volume. Direct measurement on grain surfaces of the sand fraction is possible for grain sizes > 300 μm using drop volumes down to 0.1 μL. Geostatistical evaluation showed that the measurement grid scale is below the range of spatial dependency for droplets of 1 μL volume, but not for measurements on single grains (pure nugget effect). Results show further that the small-scale differences in wettability, especially for CA < 90 , cannot be detected by the conventional WDPT test. From these findings it can be concluded that the proposed technique allows the identification of small-scale variations in wettability that may promote the formation of heterogeneous flow fields and moisture patterns in soil under unsaturated conditions.

KW - Hydrophobicity

KW - Sessile drop method

KW - Soil water repellency

KW - Water drop penetration time

KW - Wettability

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84875410557&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.2478/johh-2013-0002

DO - 10.2478/johh-2013-0002

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84875410557

VL - 61

SP - 3

EP - 8

JO - Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics

JF - Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics

SN - 0042-790X

IS - 1

ER -