TY - JOUR

T1 - Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends

T2 - Molecular and Biochemical Evidence

AU - Straube, Jannis

AU - Chen, Yun Hao

AU - Khanal, Bishnu P.

AU - Shumbusho, Alain

AU - Zeisler-Diehl, Viktoria

AU - Suresh, Kiran

AU - Schreiber, Lukas

AU - Knoche, Moritz

AU - Debener, Thomas

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant (DE 511/9-1) from the Deutsche Forschungsge-meinschaft (DFG). The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access fund of the Leibniz Universit?t Hannover.

PY - 2021/1

Y1 - 2021/1

N2 - Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and de-creased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discon-tinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were con-ducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were con-sistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis.

AB - Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and de-creased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discon-tinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were con-ducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were con-sistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis.

KW - Cuticle

KW - Cutin

KW - Malus × domestica

KW - Periderm

KW - Russet

KW - Suberin

KW - Wax

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098889648&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/plants10010065

DO - 10.3390/plants10010065

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85098889648

VL - 10

JO - Plants

JF - Plants

IS - 1

M1 - 65

ER -