TY - JOUR

T1 - Response of long-, medium- and short-term processes of the carbon budget to overgrazing-induced crusts in the Tibetan Plateau

AU - Unteregelsbacher, Sebastian

AU - Hafner, Silke

AU - Guggenberger, Georg

AU - Miehe, Georg

AU - Xu, Xingliang

AU - Liu, Jianquan

AU - Kuzyakov, Yakov

N1 - Funding information: Acknowledgments We greatly acknowledge the support of this study by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the Priority Programme 1372 ‘‘Tibetan Plateau: Formation - Climate - Ecosystems (TiP)’’ and by Project Based Exchange Programme (PPP) of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) as well as the Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship awarded to Yakov Kuzyakov.

PY - 2011/8/31

Y1 - 2011/8/31

N2 - The Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world's largest alpine grassland ecosystem. These pastures remained stable during the last millennia of nomadic animal husbandry. However, strongly increased herds' density has promoted overgrazing, with unclear consequences for vegetation and soils, particularly for cycles of carbon (C), nutrients and water. Vegetation-free patches of dead root-mat covered by blue-green algae and crustose lichens (crusts) are common in overgrazed Kobresia pastures, but their effect on C turnover processes is completely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the crusts strongly affect the C cycle by examining: (i) the long-term C stock measured as soil organic matter content; (ii) medium-term C stock as dead roots; (iii) recent C fluxes analyzed as living roots and CO2 efflux; and (iv) fast decomposition of root exudates. Up to 7. 5 times less aboveground and 1. 9 times less belowground living biomass were found in crust patches, reflecting a much smaller C input to soil as compared with the non-crust Kobresia patches. A lower C input initially changed the long-term C stock under crusts in the upper root-mat horizon. Linear regression between living roots and CO2 efflux showed that roots contributed 23% to total CO2 under non-crust areas (mean July-August 5. 4 g C m-2 day-1) and 18% under crusts (5. 1 g C m-2 day-1). To identify differences in the fast turnover processes in soil, we added 13C labeled glucose, glycine and acetic acid, representing the three main groups of root exudates. The decomposition rates of glucose (0. 7 day-1), glycine (1. 5 day-1) and acetic acid (1. 2 day-1) did not differ under crusts and non-crusts. More 13C, however, remained in soil under crusts, reflecting less complete decomposition of exudates and less root uptake. This shows that the crust patches decrease the rates of medium-term C turnover in response to the much lower C input. Very high 13C amounts recovered in plants from non-crust areas as well as the two times lower uptake by roots under crusts indicate that very dense roots are efficient competitors with microorganisms for soluble organics. In conclusion, the altered C cycle in the overgrazing-induced crustose lichens and blue-green algae crusts is connected with strongly decreased C input and reduced medium-term C turnover.

AB - The Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world's largest alpine grassland ecosystem. These pastures remained stable during the last millennia of nomadic animal husbandry. However, strongly increased herds' density has promoted overgrazing, with unclear consequences for vegetation and soils, particularly for cycles of carbon (C), nutrients and water. Vegetation-free patches of dead root-mat covered by blue-green algae and crustose lichens (crusts) are common in overgrazed Kobresia pastures, but their effect on C turnover processes is completely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the crusts strongly affect the C cycle by examining: (i) the long-term C stock measured as soil organic matter content; (ii) medium-term C stock as dead roots; (iii) recent C fluxes analyzed as living roots and CO2 efflux; and (iv) fast decomposition of root exudates. Up to 7. 5 times less aboveground and 1. 9 times less belowground living biomass were found in crust patches, reflecting a much smaller C input to soil as compared with the non-crust Kobresia patches. A lower C input initially changed the long-term C stock under crusts in the upper root-mat horizon. Linear regression between living roots and CO2 efflux showed that roots contributed 23% to total CO2 under non-crust areas (mean July-August 5. 4 g C m-2 day-1) and 18% under crusts (5. 1 g C m-2 day-1). To identify differences in the fast turnover processes in soil, we added 13C labeled glucose, glycine and acetic acid, representing the three main groups of root exudates. The decomposition rates of glucose (0. 7 day-1), glycine (1. 5 day-1) and acetic acid (1. 2 day-1) did not differ under crusts and non-crusts. More 13C, however, remained in soil under crusts, reflecting less complete decomposition of exudates and less root uptake. This shows that the crust patches decrease the rates of medium-term C turnover in response to the much lower C input. Very high 13C amounts recovered in plants from non-crust areas as well as the two times lower uptake by roots under crusts indicate that very dense roots are efficient competitors with microorganisms for soluble organics. In conclusion, the altered C cycle in the overgrazing-induced crustose lichens and blue-green algae crusts is connected with strongly decreased C input and reduced medium-term C turnover.

KW - C pulse labeling

KW - CO efflux from soil

KW - Kobresia pasture

KW - Land-use changes

KW - Overgrazing

KW - Root exudates

KW - Soil organic carbon

KW - Soil respiration

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84873150187&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/s10533-011-9632-9

DO - 10.1007/s10533-011-9632-9

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84873150187

VL - 111

SP - 187

EP - 201

JO - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

JF - BIOGEOCHEMISTRY

SN - 0168-2563

IS - 1-3

ER -