TY - JOUR

T1 - Potential, flow and demand of rice provisioning ecosystem services

T2 - Case study in Sapa district, Vietnam

AU - Dang, Kinh Bac

AU - Burkhard, Benjamin

AU - Dang, Van Bao

AU - Vu, Kim Chi

N1 - Funding Information: This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.06-2012.20. We are thankful to the VNU University of Science for providing all the facilities for this research, especially Mrs. Giang Tuan Linh, Dr. Hoang Thi Thu Huong for their support. We also want to thank Angie Faust for language correction. We are grateful for the time and efforts from the editors and the anonymous reviewers on improving our manuscript.

PY - 2020/11

Y1 - 2020/11

N2 - Although Vietnam has become the third biggest rice exporter in the world, famine is yet challenging managers in many provinces, especially in the Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam. In contrast with financial profits, formal rice supply chains have recently not provided enough food for all people in these provinces. The ecosystem service approach has the potential to give better chances to communicate with decision makers, especially with agricultural managers by raising awareness and improving understanding related to potential, flow and demand of/for rice provision. In this study, probability approaches through a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) and statistical approaches through a Hybrid Neural-Fuzzy Inference System (S-HyFIS) were used to quantify and map the potentials of the rice provisioning ecosystem service (RPES) in the Sapa district in the Lao Cai province in northern Vietnam. In addition, various statistical data related to actual rice production, population numbers and rice consumption were collected from 1990 to 2010 to quantify the RPES flows and demands. A conceptual model depicting the relations between RPES potential, flow and demand is proposed, in which the efficiency of site selection for rice cultivation and implemented farming practices play important roles in determining RPES supply. The results indicate an ineffective use of farming practices in the 1990s and show improvements in the new millennium in the case study area. A small surplus of RPES supply was found in the whole Sapa district since the year 2003, which has been used for tourism and export purposes. At the same time, the RPES demand was unmet in six communities. To generate a better rice supply chain and to better match supplies with actual demand, parts of the surplus of RPES could be transported from service providing areas to neighboring poor communities.

AB - Although Vietnam has become the third biggest rice exporter in the world, famine is yet challenging managers in many provinces, especially in the Northern mountainous areas of Vietnam. In contrast with financial profits, formal rice supply chains have recently not provided enough food for all people in these provinces. The ecosystem service approach has the potential to give better chances to communicate with decision makers, especially with agricultural managers by raising awareness and improving understanding related to potential, flow and demand of/for rice provision. In this study, probability approaches through a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) and statistical approaches through a Hybrid Neural-Fuzzy Inference System (S-HyFIS) were used to quantify and map the potentials of the rice provisioning ecosystem service (RPES) in the Sapa district in the Lao Cai province in northern Vietnam. In addition, various statistical data related to actual rice production, population numbers and rice consumption were collected from 1990 to 2010 to quantify the RPES flows and demands. A conceptual model depicting the relations between RPES potential, flow and demand is proposed, in which the efficiency of site selection for rice cultivation and implemented farming practices play important roles in determining RPES supply. The results indicate an ineffective use of farming practices in the 1990s and show improvements in the new millennium in the case study area. A small surplus of RPES supply was found in the whole Sapa district since the year 2003, which has been used for tourism and export purposes. At the same time, the RPES demand was unmet in six communities. To generate a better rice supply chain and to better match supplies with actual demand, parts of the surplus of RPES could be transported from service providing areas to neighboring poor communities.

KW - Agriculture

KW - Bayesian belief network

KW - Budget

KW - Ecosystem service supply chain

KW - Hybrid neural-fuzzy inference system

KW - Poverty

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088901139&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106731

DO - 10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106731

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85088901139

VL - 118

JO - Ecological indicators

JF - Ecological indicators

SN - 1470-160X

M1 - 106731

ER -