TY - JOUR

T1 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in citrus fruit irrigated with fresh water under arid conditions

T2 - Concentrations, sources, and risk assessment

AU - Jiries, Anwar

AU - Al-Nasir, Farh

AU - Hijazin, Tahani J.

AU - Al-Alawi, Mutaz

AU - El Fels, Loubna

AU - Mayyas, Amal

AU - Al-Dmour, Rasha

AU - Al-Madanat, Osama Y.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge the Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund (SRISF), Amman, Jordan, for research funding, project number: WE/2/6/2015. The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access Publishing Fund of Leibniz Universität Hannover .

PY - 2022/9

Y1 - 2022/9

N2 - In Jordan, as well as in all the world countries, consumption of citrus fruits is an essential part of the daily diet, so it is important to assess the potential risk of the persistent organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these fruits to the human health and identify their sources in order to eliminate or reduce them. This study reports 16 priority PAHs content in four types of peeled citrus fruits grown in Jordan valley. PAHs were detected in all the studied samples in variable quantities depending on the type of citrus fruits. The results showed that the highest PAH level corresponded to acenaphthene (35.018 µg/kg) in grapefruit. Among the carcinogenic PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were the most representative and found in all the analyzed fruit, soil, and water samples, whereas anthracene (ANT) was not detected at all. The mean ∑16 PAHs for the different fruits were found to be 62.593 µg kg−1 in grapefruit, 24.840 µg kg−1 in lemon, 22.901 µg kg−1 in mandarin, and 5.082 µg kg−1 in orange. The dominance of naphthalene (NAP) and acenaphthene (ACE) in soil under hot climatic conditions indicates the recent and continuous input of these types in the investigated area. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for ∑16 PAHs was observed in the order of grapefruit > lemon > mandarin > orange. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the primary sources of PAHs in agricultural soils mainly originated from biomass burning and vehicular emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indicated that consumption of these four citrus fruits may expose human health to potential cancer risk. The findings of this study call the policymakers and public administrations to the formulation of stringent policies and actions to control biomass burning and vehicular emissions.

AB - In Jordan, as well as in all the world countries, consumption of citrus fruits is an essential part of the daily diet, so it is important to assess the potential risk of the persistent organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these fruits to the human health and identify their sources in order to eliminate or reduce them. This study reports 16 priority PAHs content in four types of peeled citrus fruits grown in Jordan valley. PAHs were detected in all the studied samples in variable quantities depending on the type of citrus fruits. The results showed that the highest PAH level corresponded to acenaphthene (35.018 µg/kg) in grapefruit. Among the carcinogenic PAHs, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were the most representative and found in all the analyzed fruit, soil, and water samples, whereas anthracene (ANT) was not detected at all. The mean ∑16 PAHs for the different fruits were found to be 62.593 µg kg−1 in grapefruit, 24.840 µg kg−1 in lemon, 22.901 µg kg−1 in mandarin, and 5.082 µg kg−1 in orange. The dominance of naphthalene (NAP) and acenaphthene (ACE) in soil under hot climatic conditions indicates the recent and continuous input of these types in the investigated area. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for ∑16 PAHs was observed in the order of grapefruit > lemon > mandarin > orange. Based on the results of the principal component analysis (PCA), the primary sources of PAHs in agricultural soils mainly originated from biomass burning and vehicular emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) indicated that consumption of these four citrus fruits may expose human health to potential cancer risk. The findings of this study call the policymakers and public administrations to the formulation of stringent policies and actions to control biomass burning and vehicular emissions.

KW - Agricultural soils

KW - Environment

KW - Fruit

KW - PAHs

KW - Risk assessment

KW - Source identification

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131967658&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104027

DO - 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104027

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85131967658

VL - 15

JO - Arabian Journal of Chemistry

JF - Arabian Journal of Chemistry

SN - 1878-5352

IS - 9

M1 - 104027

ER -