TY - JOUR

T1 - Optimal baseline exploitation in vertical dark-matter detectors based on atom interferometry

AU - Di Pumpo, Fabio

AU - Friedrich, Alexander

AU - Giese, Enno

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to W. P. Schleich for his stimulating input and continuing support and to the VLBAI team at the Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, for providing us with a schematic of their VLBAI tower for use and adaptation in . We also thank D. Derr as well as the QUANTUS and INTENTAS teams for fruitful and interesting discussions. Moreover, we thank L. Badurina and Ch. McCabe for their helpful insights on the second interferometer sequence. F.D.P. is grateful to the financial support program for early career researchers of the Graduate & Professional Training Center at Ulm University and for its funding of the project “Long-Baseline-Atominterferometer Gravity and Standard-Model Extensions tests” (LArGE). The Qu-Gov project in cooperation with “Bundesdruckerei GmbH” is supported by the Federal Ministry of Finance (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, BMF). A.F. is grateful to the Carl Zeiss Foundation (Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung) and IQST for funding in terms of the project MuMo-RmQM. The QUANTUS and INTENTAS projects are supported by the German Space Agency at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsche Raumfahrtagentur im Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR) with funds provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, BMWK) due to an enactment of the German Bundestag under Grant Nos. 50WM2250D-2250E (QUANTUS+) and 50WM2177-2178 (INTENTAS). E.G. thanks the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) for a Mercator Fellowship within CRC 1227 (DQ-mat). Funding Information: We are grateful to W. P. Schleich for his stimulating input and continuing support and to the VLBAI team at the Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, for providing us with a schematic of their VLBAI tower for use and adaptation in Fig. 1(b). We also thank D. Derr as well as the QUANTUS and INTENTAS teams for fruitful and interesting discussions. Moreover, we thank L. Badurina and Ch. McCabe for their helpful insights on the second interferometer sequence.48,49 F.D.P. is grateful to the financial support program for early career researchers of the Graduate & Professional Training Center at Ulm University and for its funding of the project “Long-Baseline-Atominterferometer Gravity and Standard-Model Extensions tests” (LArGE). The Qu-Gov project in cooperation with “Bundesdruckerei GmbH” is supported by the Federal Ministry of Finance (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, BMF). A.F. is grateful to the Carl Zeiss Foundation (Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung) and IQST for funding in terms of the project MuMo-RmQM. The QUANTUS and INTENTAS projects are supported by the German Space Agency at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsche Raumfahrtagentur im Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR) with funds provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, BMWK) due to an enactment of the German Bundestag under Grant Nos. 50WM2250D-2250E (QUANTUS+) and 50WM2177-2178 (INTENTAS). E.G. thanks the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) for a Mercator Fellowship within CRC 1227 (DQ-mat).

PY - 2024/3

Y1 - 2024/3

N2 - Several terrestrial detectors for gravitational waves and dark matter based on long-baseline atom interferometry are currently in the final planning stages or already under construction. These upcoming vertical sensors are inherently subject to gravity and thus feature gradiometer or multi-gradiometer configurations using single-photon transitions for large momentum transfer. While there has been significant progress on optimizing these experiments against detrimental noise sources and for deployment at their projected sites, finding optimal configurations that make the best use of the available resources is still an open issue. Even more, the fundamental limit of the device's sensitivity is still missing. Here, we fill this gap and show that (a) resonant-mode detectors based on multi-diamond fountain gradiometers achieve the optimal, shot-noise limited, sensitivity if their height constitutes 20% of the available baseline; (b) this limit is independent of the dark matter oscillation frequency; and (c) doubling the baseline decreases the ultimate measurement uncertainty by approximately 65%. Moreover, we propose a multi-diamond scheme with less mirror pulses where the leading-order gravitational phase contribution is suppressed and compare it to established geometries and demonstrate that both configurations saturate the same fundamental limit.

AB - Several terrestrial detectors for gravitational waves and dark matter based on long-baseline atom interferometry are currently in the final planning stages or already under construction. These upcoming vertical sensors are inherently subject to gravity and thus feature gradiometer or multi-gradiometer configurations using single-photon transitions for large momentum transfer. While there has been significant progress on optimizing these experiments against detrimental noise sources and for deployment at their projected sites, finding optimal configurations that make the best use of the available resources is still an open issue. Even more, the fundamental limit of the device's sensitivity is still missing. Here, we fill this gap and show that (a) resonant-mode detectors based on multi-diamond fountain gradiometers achieve the optimal, shot-noise limited, sensitivity if their height constitutes 20% of the available baseline; (b) this limit is independent of the dark matter oscillation frequency; and (c) doubling the baseline decreases the ultimate measurement uncertainty by approximately 65%. Moreover, we propose a multi-diamond scheme with less mirror pulses where the leading-order gravitational phase contribution is suppressed and compare it to established geometries and demonstrate that both configurations saturate the same fundamental limit.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85182357595&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.48550/arXiv.2309.04207

DO - 10.48550/arXiv.2309.04207

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85182357595

VL - 6

JO - AVS Quantum Science

JF - AVS Quantum Science

IS - 1

M1 - 014404

ER -