Loading [MathJax]/extensions/tex2jax.js

Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity

Publikation: Beitrag in FachzeitschriftArtikelForschung

Autorschaft

  • Moritz Knoche
  • Alexander Lang

Externe Organisationen

  • Sandy Lang Ltd.
Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
  • Citations
    • Citation Indexes: 71
  • Captures
    • Readers: 48
see details

Details

OriginalspracheEnglisch
Seiten (von - bis)190-215
Seitenumfang26
FachzeitschriftCritical Reviews in Plant Sciences
Jahrgang36
Ausgabenummer3
PublikationsstatusVeröffentlicht - 4 Mai 2017

Abstract

As a result of continuing volume and hence surface-area growth, the skins of most fruit species suffer ongoing strain throughout development. Maintenance of surface integrity is essential to protect the underlying tissues from desiccation and pathogen attack. Fruit skins are commonly “primary” in structure. They comprise a polymeric cuticle overlying an epidermis and a hypodermis. The cuticle is responsible for the skin's barrier function and the cellular layers for the skin's load-bearing functions. Skin failure can be just of the cuticle layer (microcracking) resulting in barrier impairment or it can involve cuticle and cellular layers (macrocracking) resulting in both barrier and structural impairment. Fruit skin failure is associated with a number of disorders including shriveling, cracking, russeting, and skin spots. All result in reduced market value. Our objective is to review the literature on the strategies adopted by fruit to cope with the challenge of continuing skin expansion. We uncover a multistep strategy to prevent or minimize the risk of fruit skin failure. This comprises: (1) area expansion of the load-bearing skin-cell layer(s) by ongoing cell division and (2) the avoidance of skin stress or strain concentrations by matching patterns of skin-cell division to those of area expansion. Also involved, (3) are the partitioning of cuticle strain into plastic and viscoelastic components at the expense of the elastic one. For this, wax and cutin are deposited in the cuticle during growth. Wax and cutin deposition “fix” the strain in the cuticle. Cutin is preferentially deposited on the inner surface of the cuticle, which fixes the strain, but it leaves the outer cuticle surface more strained. Last, (4) if the primary skin is damaged, the barrier functions are restored by the formation of a “secondary” fruit surface (periderm). Lignin can also be used to strengthen the underlying cells following structural failure.

ASJC Scopus Sachgebiete

Zitieren

Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity. / Knoche, Moritz; Lang, Alexander.
in: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Jahrgang 36, Nr. 3, 04.05.2017, S. 190-215.

Publikation: Beitrag in FachzeitschriftArtikelForschung

Knoche M, Lang A. Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2017 Mai 4;36(3):190-215. doi: 10.1080/07352689.2017.1369333
Knoche, Moritz ; Lang, Alexander. / Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity. in: Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2017 ; Jahrgang 36, Nr. 3. S. 190-215.
Download
@article{b05fb0cb4725486cae9c4c3cd718cbbe,
title = "Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity",
abstract = "As a result of continuing volume and hence surface-area growth, the skins of most fruit species suffer ongoing strain throughout development. Maintenance of surface integrity is essential to protect the underlying tissues from desiccation and pathogen attack. Fruit skins are commonly “primary” in structure. They comprise a polymeric cuticle overlying an epidermis and a hypodermis. The cuticle is responsible for the skin's barrier function and the cellular layers for the skin's load-bearing functions. Skin failure can be just of the cuticle layer (microcracking) resulting in barrier impairment or it can involve cuticle and cellular layers (macrocracking) resulting in both barrier and structural impairment. Fruit skin failure is associated with a number of disorders including shriveling, cracking, russeting, and skin spots. All result in reduced market value. Our objective is to review the literature on the strategies adopted by fruit to cope with the challenge of continuing skin expansion. We uncover a multistep strategy to prevent or minimize the risk of fruit skin failure. This comprises: (1) area expansion of the load-bearing skin-cell layer(s) by ongoing cell division and (2) the avoidance of skin stress or strain concentrations by matching patterns of skin-cell division to those of area expansion. Also involved, (3) are the partitioning of cuticle strain into plastic and viscoelastic components at the expense of the elastic one. For this, wax and cutin are deposited in the cuticle during growth. Wax and cutin deposition “fix” the strain in the cuticle. Cutin is preferentially deposited on the inner surface of the cuticle, which fixes the strain, but it leaves the outer cuticle surface more strained. Last, (4) if the primary skin is damaged, the barrier functions are restored by the formation of a “secondary” fruit surface (periderm). Lignin can also be used to strengthen the underlying cells following structural failure.",
keywords = "Cuticle, cutin, periderm, strain, stress, tension, wax",
author = "Moritz Knoche and Alexander Lang",
note = "Funding information: This review is partly based on research funded by various grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). MK thanks F. Lenz and M.J. Bukovac for introducing him to the challenge and joy of engaging in plant science research. AL similarly thanks D.C. Spanner.",
year = "2017",
month = may,
day = "4",
doi = "10.1080/07352689.2017.1369333",
language = "English",
volume = "36",
pages = "190--215",
journal = "Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences",
issn = "0735-2689",
publisher = "Taylor and Francis Ltd.",
number = "3",

}

Download

TY - JOUR

T1 - Ongoing Growth Challenges Fruit Skin Integrity

AU - Knoche, Moritz

AU - Lang, Alexander

N1 - Funding information: This review is partly based on research funded by various grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). MK thanks F. Lenz and M.J. Bukovac for introducing him to the challenge and joy of engaging in plant science research. AL similarly thanks D.C. Spanner.

PY - 2017/5/4

Y1 - 2017/5/4

N2 - As a result of continuing volume and hence surface-area growth, the skins of most fruit species suffer ongoing strain throughout development. Maintenance of surface integrity is essential to protect the underlying tissues from desiccation and pathogen attack. Fruit skins are commonly “primary” in structure. They comprise a polymeric cuticle overlying an epidermis and a hypodermis. The cuticle is responsible for the skin's barrier function and the cellular layers for the skin's load-bearing functions. Skin failure can be just of the cuticle layer (microcracking) resulting in barrier impairment or it can involve cuticle and cellular layers (macrocracking) resulting in both barrier and structural impairment. Fruit skin failure is associated with a number of disorders including shriveling, cracking, russeting, and skin spots. All result in reduced market value. Our objective is to review the literature on the strategies adopted by fruit to cope with the challenge of continuing skin expansion. We uncover a multistep strategy to prevent or minimize the risk of fruit skin failure. This comprises: (1) area expansion of the load-bearing skin-cell layer(s) by ongoing cell division and (2) the avoidance of skin stress or strain concentrations by matching patterns of skin-cell division to those of area expansion. Also involved, (3) are the partitioning of cuticle strain into plastic and viscoelastic components at the expense of the elastic one. For this, wax and cutin are deposited in the cuticle during growth. Wax and cutin deposition “fix” the strain in the cuticle. Cutin is preferentially deposited on the inner surface of the cuticle, which fixes the strain, but it leaves the outer cuticle surface more strained. Last, (4) if the primary skin is damaged, the barrier functions are restored by the formation of a “secondary” fruit surface (periderm). Lignin can also be used to strengthen the underlying cells following structural failure.

AB - As a result of continuing volume and hence surface-area growth, the skins of most fruit species suffer ongoing strain throughout development. Maintenance of surface integrity is essential to protect the underlying tissues from desiccation and pathogen attack. Fruit skins are commonly “primary” in structure. They comprise a polymeric cuticle overlying an epidermis and a hypodermis. The cuticle is responsible for the skin's barrier function and the cellular layers for the skin's load-bearing functions. Skin failure can be just of the cuticle layer (microcracking) resulting in barrier impairment or it can involve cuticle and cellular layers (macrocracking) resulting in both barrier and structural impairment. Fruit skin failure is associated with a number of disorders including shriveling, cracking, russeting, and skin spots. All result in reduced market value. Our objective is to review the literature on the strategies adopted by fruit to cope with the challenge of continuing skin expansion. We uncover a multistep strategy to prevent or minimize the risk of fruit skin failure. This comprises: (1) area expansion of the load-bearing skin-cell layer(s) by ongoing cell division and (2) the avoidance of skin stress or strain concentrations by matching patterns of skin-cell division to those of area expansion. Also involved, (3) are the partitioning of cuticle strain into plastic and viscoelastic components at the expense of the elastic one. For this, wax and cutin are deposited in the cuticle during growth. Wax and cutin deposition “fix” the strain in the cuticle. Cutin is preferentially deposited on the inner surface of the cuticle, which fixes the strain, but it leaves the outer cuticle surface more strained. Last, (4) if the primary skin is damaged, the barrier functions are restored by the formation of a “secondary” fruit surface (periderm). Lignin can also be used to strengthen the underlying cells following structural failure.

KW - Cuticle

KW - cutin

KW - periderm

KW - strain

KW - stress

KW - tension

KW - wax

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85030633390&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1080/07352689.2017.1369333

DO - 10.1080/07352689.2017.1369333

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85030633390

VL - 36

SP - 190

EP - 215

JO - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

JF - Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

SN - 0735-2689

IS - 3

ER -