TY - JOUR

T1 - Labelling additively manufactured parts by microstructural gradation-advanced copy-proof design

AU - Niendorf, Thomas

AU - Brenne, Florian

AU - Schaper, Mirko

AU - Riemer, Andre

AU - Leuders, Stefan

AU - Reimche, Wilfried

AU - Schwarze, Dieter

AU - Maier, Hans J.

PY - 2016/6/20

Y1 - 2016/6/20

N2 - Purpose-As additive manufacturing techniques, such as selective laser melting, allow for straightforward production of parts on basis of simple computer-aided design files only, unauthorized replication can be facilitated. Thus, identification and tracking of individual parts are increasingly vital in light of globalized competition. This paper aims to overcome the susceptibility of additive manufacturing techniques for product piracy by establishing a method for introducing and reading out product identification markers not visible by naked-eye inspection. Design/methodology/approach-Lasers of different nominal power were used for altering the solidification mechanisms during processing in distinct areas of the samples. The resulting local microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties, respectively, were determined by scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. The applicability of an advanced eddy current technique for reading out local differences in electro-magnetic properties was examined. Findings-The findings show that distinct microstructural features are obtained in dependence of the locally applied laser power. These features manifest themselves not only in terms of grain morphology, texture and hardness but also induce changes in the local electro-magnetic properties. The inscribed pattern can be non-destructively visualized by using an advanced eddy current technique. Originality/value-Conventional copy protection basically consists in supplementary labelling or surface modification. In the present study, a new method is proposed for additively manufactured parts, overcoming the drawbacks of the former methods through process-induced microstructure manipulation. Slight alterations in the electro-magnetic material properties can be detected by advanced eddy current method allowing for identification of arbitrary and inimitable component information in additively manufactured parts.

AB - Purpose-As additive manufacturing techniques, such as selective laser melting, allow for straightforward production of parts on basis of simple computer-aided design files only, unauthorized replication can be facilitated. Thus, identification and tracking of individual parts are increasingly vital in light of globalized competition. This paper aims to overcome the susceptibility of additive manufacturing techniques for product piracy by establishing a method for introducing and reading out product identification markers not visible by naked-eye inspection. Design/methodology/approach-Lasers of different nominal power were used for altering the solidification mechanisms during processing in distinct areas of the samples. The resulting local microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties, respectively, were determined by scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. The applicability of an advanced eddy current technique for reading out local differences in electro-magnetic properties was examined. Findings-The findings show that distinct microstructural features are obtained in dependence of the locally applied laser power. These features manifest themselves not only in terms of grain morphology, texture and hardness but also induce changes in the local electro-magnetic properties. The inscribed pattern can be non-destructively visualized by using an advanced eddy current technique. Originality/value-Conventional copy protection basically consists in supplementary labelling or surface modification. In the present study, a new method is proposed for additively manufactured parts, overcoming the drawbacks of the former methods through process-induced microstructure manipulation. Slight alterations in the electro-magnetic material properties can be detected by advanced eddy current method allowing for identification of arbitrary and inimitable component information in additively manufactured parts.

KW - Eddy current method

KW - Identification code

KW - Microstructure design

KW - Non-destructive testing

KW - Selective laser melting

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84975886225&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1108/rpj-12-2014-0183

DO - 10.1108/rpj-12-2014-0183

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84975886225

VL - 22

SP - 630

EP - 635

JO - Rapid prototyping journal

JF - Rapid prototyping journal

SN - 1355-2546

IS - 4

ER -