TY - JOUR

T1 - Interlaboratory comparison of angular-dependent photovoltaic device measurements

T2 - Results and impact on energy rating

AU - Riedel-Lyngskær, Nicholas

AU - Santamaría Lancia, Adrián A.

AU - Plag, Fabian

AU - Kröger, Ingo

AU - Vogt, Malte R.

AU - Schinke, Carsten

AU - Davidsen, Rasmus S.

AU - Amdemeskel, Mekbib

AU - Jansen, Mark J.

AU - Manshanden, Petra

AU - Slooff, Lenneke H.

AU - Carr, Anna J.

AU - Bliss, Martin

AU - Betts, Tom

AU - Mayo, Mikel E.

AU - Jauregui, Iñigo P.

AU - Balenzategui, Jose L.

AU - Roldan, Ruben

AU - Bellenda, Giovanni

AU - Caccivio, Mauro

AU - Kräling, Ulli

AU - Neuberger, Frank

AU - Zirzow, Daniel

AU - Crimmins, Jim

AU - Robinson, Charles

AU - King, Bruce

AU - Teasdale, Wesley

AU - Kedir, Cherif

AU - Watts, John

AU - Desharnais, Ryan

AU - Poulsen, Peter B.

AU - Jakobsen, Michael L.

AU - dos Reis Benatto, Gisele A.

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Dr. Werner Herrmann of T?V Rheinland Energy GmbH for providing the spectral responsivity and multi-irradiance/temperature matrix measurements of a 60-cell crystalline Silicon module, which allowed us to perform the energy rating calculations. Part of the work made on behalf of DTU was funded by the Danish Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program (EUDP) project number 64016-0030. This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO) Agreement Number 34364. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

PY - 2021/2/16

Y1 - 2021/2/16

N2 - This paper presents the results from an extensive interlaboratory comparison of angular-dependent measurements on encapsulated photovoltaic (PV) cells. Twelve international laboratories measure the incident angle modifier of two unique PV devices. The absolute measurement agreement is ±2.0% to the weighted mean for angles of incidence (AOI) ≤ 65°, but from 70° to 85°, the range of measurement deviations increases rapidly from 2.5% to 23%. The proficiency of the measurements is analysed using the expanded uncertainties published by seven of the laboratories, and it is found that most of the angular-dependent measurements are reproducible for AOI ≤ 80°. However, at 85°, one laboratory's measurement do not agree to the weighted mean within the stated uncertainty, and measurement uncertainty as high as 16% is needed for the laboratories without uncertainty to be comparable. The poor agreement obtained at 85° indicates that the PV community should place minimal reliance on angular-dependent measurements made at this extreme angle until improvements can be demonstrated. The cloud-based Daidalos ray tracing model is used to simulate the angular-dependent losses of the mono-Si device, and it is found that the simulation agrees to the median measurement within 0.6% for AOI ≤ 70° and within 1.4% for AOI ≤ 80°. Finally, the impact that the angular-dependent measurement deviations have on climate specific energy rating (CSER) is evaluated for the six climates described in the IEC 61853-4 standard. When one outlier measurement is excluded, the angular-dependent measurements reported in this work cause a 1.0%–1.8% range in CSER and a 1.0%–1.5% range in annual energy yield, depending on the climate.

AB - This paper presents the results from an extensive interlaboratory comparison of angular-dependent measurements on encapsulated photovoltaic (PV) cells. Twelve international laboratories measure the incident angle modifier of two unique PV devices. The absolute measurement agreement is ±2.0% to the weighted mean for angles of incidence (AOI) ≤ 65°, but from 70° to 85°, the range of measurement deviations increases rapidly from 2.5% to 23%. The proficiency of the measurements is analysed using the expanded uncertainties published by seven of the laboratories, and it is found that most of the angular-dependent measurements are reproducible for AOI ≤ 80°. However, at 85°, one laboratory's measurement do not agree to the weighted mean within the stated uncertainty, and measurement uncertainty as high as 16% is needed for the laboratories without uncertainty to be comparable. The poor agreement obtained at 85° indicates that the PV community should place minimal reliance on angular-dependent measurements made at this extreme angle until improvements can be demonstrated. The cloud-based Daidalos ray tracing model is used to simulate the angular-dependent losses of the mono-Si device, and it is found that the simulation agrees to the median measurement within 0.6% for AOI ≤ 70° and within 1.4% for AOI ≤ 80°. Finally, the impact that the angular-dependent measurement deviations have on climate specific energy rating (CSER) is evaluated for the six climates described in the IEC 61853-4 standard. When one outlier measurement is excluded, the angular-dependent measurements reported in this work cause a 1.0%–1.8% range in CSER and a 1.0%–1.5% range in annual energy yield, depending on the climate.

KW - angle of incidence

KW - angular-dependent losses

KW - diffuse irradiance

KW - energy rating

KW - incidence angle modifier

KW - interlaboratory comparison

KW - optical losses

KW - relative transmittance

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85097539775&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1002/pip.3365

DO - 10.1002/pip.3365

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85097539775

VL - 29

SP - 315

EP - 333

JO - Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

JF - Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

SN - 1062-7995

IS - 3

ER -