TY - JOUR

T1 - Improving the Accuracy of FE Simulations of Induction Tempering Toward a Microstructure-Dependent Electromagnetic Model

AU - Baldan, Marco

AU - Stolte, Max Henry

AU - Nacke, Bernard

AU - Nurnberger, Florian

N1 - Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by the Research Project “Ganzheitliche Modellierung des Kurzzeitanlassens im Prozess des induktiven Randschichthärtens” from the Research Association for Steel Application (FOSTA) through the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy through the German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF) as part of the program from promoting Industrial Cooperative Research (IGF) on the basis of a decision by the German Bundestag under Grant IGF-Nr. 20008 N.

PY - 2020/8/5

Y1 - 2020/8/5

N2 - Tempering is a heat treatment process that is used to increase the toughness of hardened steels. Compared with the conventional treatment, induction tempering has the advantage of dramatically reducing the heating time. Shorter times, however, require higher temperatures, of up to 450 °C, depending on the tempering step. Numerical simulations of induction tempering require accurate electromagnetic modeling since the entire heating occurs below the Curie point. In this article, the single-valued $B$ - $H$ curves of a pre-hardened and hardened steel are determined using an inverse approach. Second, an equivalent $B$ - $H$ curve that can be used in the time-harmonic analysis is provided. It is studied which modeling simplifications are possible without significantly affecting the quality of simulation results.

AB - Tempering is a heat treatment process that is used to increase the toughness of hardened steels. Compared with the conventional treatment, induction tempering has the advantage of dramatically reducing the heating time. Shorter times, however, require higher temperatures, of up to 450 °C, depending on the tempering step. Numerical simulations of induction tempering require accurate electromagnetic modeling since the entire heating occurs below the Curie point. In this article, the single-valued $B$ - $H$ curves of a pre-hardened and hardened steel are determined using an inverse approach. Second, an equivalent $B$ - $H$ curve that can be used in the time-harmonic analysis is provided. It is studied which modeling simplifications are possible without significantly affecting the quality of simulation results.

KW - Finite element (FE) method

KW - induction tempering

KW - inverse problem

KW - magnetic permeability

KW - multi-fidelty optimization

KW - soft magnetic material

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85092090683&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1109/tmag.2020.3013562

DO - 10.1109/tmag.2020.3013562

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85092090683

VL - 56

JO - IEEE transactions on magnetics

JF - IEEE transactions on magnetics

SN - 0018-9464

IS - 10

M1 - 9159684

ER -