TY - JOUR

T1 - Gas Component Transport Across the Soil-Atmosphere Interface for Gases of Different Density

T2 - Experiments and Modeling

AU - Bahlmann, L. M.

AU - Smits, K. M.

AU - Heck, K.

AU - Coltman, E.

AU - Helmig, R.

AU - Neuweiler, I.

N1 - Funding Information: This work has been funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [DFG]) under Projects NE 824/14‐1 and 327154368 and by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Project 1447533. We thank the DFG and the U.S. National Science Foundation for their support.

PY - 2020/9/1

Y1 - 2020/9/1

N2 - We investigate the influence of near-surface wind conditions on subsurface gas transport and on soil-atmosphere gas exchange for gases of different density. Results of a sand tank experiment are supported by a numerical investigation with a fully coupled porous medium-free flow model, which accounts for wind turbulence. The experiment consists of a two-dimensional bench-scale soil tank containing homogeneous sand and an overlying wind tunnel. A point source was installed at the bottom of the tank. Gas concentrations were measured at multiple horizontal and vertical locations. Tested conditions include four wind velocities (0.2/1.0/2.0/2.7 m/s), three different gases (helium: light, nitrogen: neutral, and carbon dioxide: heavy), and two transport cases (1: steady-state gas supply from the point source; 2: transport under decreasing concentration gradient, subsequent to termination of gas supply). The model was used to assess flow patterns and gas fluxes across the soil surface. Results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the surface are strongly coupled to the overlying wind field. An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil-atmosphere gas exchange. This is due to the effect of the wind profile on soil surface concentrations and due to wind-induced advection, which causes subsurface horizontal transport. The presence of gases with pronounced density difference to air adds additional complexity to the transport through the wind-affected soil layers. Wind impact differs between tested gases. Observed transport is multidimensional and shows that heavy as well as light gases cannot be treated as inert tracers, which applies to many gases in environmental studies.

AB - We investigate the influence of near-surface wind conditions on subsurface gas transport and on soil-atmosphere gas exchange for gases of different density. Results of a sand tank experiment are supported by a numerical investigation with a fully coupled porous medium-free flow model, which accounts for wind turbulence. The experiment consists of a two-dimensional bench-scale soil tank containing homogeneous sand and an overlying wind tunnel. A point source was installed at the bottom of the tank. Gas concentrations were measured at multiple horizontal and vertical locations. Tested conditions include four wind velocities (0.2/1.0/2.0/2.7 m/s), three different gases (helium: light, nitrogen: neutral, and carbon dioxide: heavy), and two transport cases (1: steady-state gas supply from the point source; 2: transport under decreasing concentration gradient, subsequent to termination of gas supply). The model was used to assess flow patterns and gas fluxes across the soil surface. Results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the surface are strongly coupled to the overlying wind field. An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil-atmosphere gas exchange. This is due to the effect of the wind profile on soil surface concentrations and due to wind-induced advection, which causes subsurface horizontal transport. The presence of gases with pronounced density difference to air adds additional complexity to the transport through the wind-affected soil layers. Wind impact differs between tested gases. Observed transport is multidimensional and shows that heavy as well as light gases cannot be treated as inert tracers, which applies to many gases in environmental studies.

KW - density effects

KW - gas component transport

KW - numerical modeling

KW - soil-atmosphere interface

KW - wind-induced transport

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85092176309&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1029/2020WR027600

DO - 10.1029/2020WR027600

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85092176309

VL - 56

JO - Water resources research

JF - Water resources research

SN - 0043-1397

IS - 9

M1 - e2020WR027600

ER -