TY - JOUR

T1 - Feasibility of consumer grade GNSS receivers for the integration in multi-sensor-systems

AU - Kersten, Tobias

AU - Paffenholz, Jens-André

N1 - Funding information: Acknowledgments: The authors like to thank T. Maschke, B.Eng., for performing the GNSS-splitter measurements. In addition, we would like to thank Prof. Schön (IfE) for providing the laboratory environment for the benchmark analysis and the fruitful discussions with the IfE working group Positioning and Navigation. These studies were performed without any funding and only rely on the scientific research interests of the authors. The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access Fund of Leibniz Universität Hannover. We would like to take this opportunity to highlight the interesting discussions and helpful comments of the three unknown reviewers and express our thanks.

PY - 2020/4/26

Y1 - 2020/4/26

N2 - Various GNSS applications require low-cost, small-scale, lightweight and power-saving GNSS devices and require high precision in terms of low noise for carrier phase and code observations. Applications vary from navigation approaches to positioning in geo-monitoring units up to integration in multi-sensor-systems. For highest precision, only GNSS receivers are suitable that provide access to raw data such as carrier phase, code ranges, Doppler and signal strength. A system integration is only possible if the overall noise level is known and quantified at the level of the original observations. A benchmark analysis based on a zero baseline is proposed to quantify the stochastic properties. The performance of the consumer grade GNSS receiver is determined and evaluated against geodetic GNSS receivers to better understand the utilization of consumer grade receivers. Results indicate high similarity to the geodetic receiver, even though technical limitations are present. Various stochastic techniques report normally distributed carrier-phase noise of 2 mm and code-range noise of 0.5–0.8 m. This is confirmed by studying the modified Allan standard deviation and code-minus-carrier combinations. Derived parameters serve as important indicators for the integration of GNSS receivers into multi-sensor-systems.

AB - Various GNSS applications require low-cost, small-scale, lightweight and power-saving GNSS devices and require high precision in terms of low noise for carrier phase and code observations. Applications vary from navigation approaches to positioning in geo-monitoring units up to integration in multi-sensor-systems. For highest precision, only GNSS receivers are suitable that provide access to raw data such as carrier phase, code ranges, Doppler and signal strength. A system integration is only possible if the overall noise level is known and quantified at the level of the original observations. A benchmark analysis based on a zero baseline is proposed to quantify the stochastic properties. The performance of the consumer grade GNSS receiver is determined and evaluated against geodetic GNSS receivers to better understand the utilization of consumer grade receivers. Results indicate high similarity to the geodetic receiver, even though technical limitations are present. Various stochastic techniques report normally distributed carrier-phase noise of 2 mm and code-range noise of 0.5–0.8 m. This is confirmed by studying the modified Allan standard deviation and code-minus-carrier combinations. Derived parameters serve as important indicators for the integration of GNSS receivers into multi-sensor-systems.

KW - GNSS

KW - high sensitivity GNSS receiver

KW - multi-sensor-system

KW - direct geo-referencing

KW - laser scanning

KW - Direct geo-referencing

KW - GNSS

KW - High sensitivity GNSS receiver

KW - Laser scanning

KW - Multi-sensor-system

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85084036130&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/s20092463

DO - 10.3390/s20092463

M3 - Article

VL - 20

JO - Sensors

JF - Sensors

SN - 1424-8220

IS - 9

M1 - 2463

ER -