TY - JOUR

T1 - Fatigue testing and analysis of steel plates manufactured by wire-arc directed energy deposition

AU - Huang, Cheng

AU - Li, Lingzhen

AU - Pichler, Niels

AU - Ghafoori, Elyas

AU - Susmel, Luca

AU - Gardner, Leroy

N1 - Funding Information: The authors gratefully acknowledge funding and support from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The authors also would like to acknowledge MX3D for the fabrication of the test specimens and Mr Robert Widmann and Mr Davide Ferrari for their assistance in the research.

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - Wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED), also known as wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a metal 3D printing technique that is recognised for its high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, flexibility in build scales and suitability for the construction sector. However, there remains a lack of fundamental data on the structural performance of WAAM elements, especially regarding their fatigue behaviour. A comprehensive experimental study into the fatigue behaviour of WAAM steel plates has therefore been undertaken and is reported herein. Following geometric, mechanical and microstructural characterisation, a series of WAAM coupons was tested under uniaxial high-cycle fatigue loading. A total of 75 fatigue tests on both as-built and machined coupons, covering various stress ranges and stress ratios (R = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4), have been conducted. The local stress concentrations in the as-built coupons induced by their surface undulations have also been studied by numerical simulations. The fatigue test results were analysed using constant life diagrams (CLDs) and S-N (stress-life) diagrams, based on both nominal and local stresses. The CLDs revealed that the fatigue strength of the as-built WAAM steel was relatively insensitive to the different stress ratios. The S-N diagrams showed that the surface undulations resulted in a reduction of about 35% in the fatigue endurance limit for the as-built WAAM material relative to the machined material, and a reduction of about 60% in fatigue life under the same load level. The as-built and machined WAAM coupons were shown to exhibit similar fatigue behaviour to conventional steel butt welds and S355 structural steel plates, respectively. Preliminary nominal stress-based and local stress-based S-N curves were also proposed for the WAAM steel.

AB - Wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED), also known as wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a metal 3D printing technique that is recognised for its high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, flexibility in build scales and suitability for the construction sector. However, there remains a lack of fundamental data on the structural performance of WAAM elements, especially regarding their fatigue behaviour. A comprehensive experimental study into the fatigue behaviour of WAAM steel plates has therefore been undertaken and is reported herein. Following geometric, mechanical and microstructural characterisation, a series of WAAM coupons was tested under uniaxial high-cycle fatigue loading. A total of 75 fatigue tests on both as-built and machined coupons, covering various stress ranges and stress ratios (R = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4), have been conducted. The local stress concentrations in the as-built coupons induced by their surface undulations have also been studied by numerical simulations. The fatigue test results were analysed using constant life diagrams (CLDs) and S-N (stress-life) diagrams, based on both nominal and local stresses. The CLDs revealed that the fatigue strength of the as-built WAAM steel was relatively insensitive to the different stress ratios. The S-N diagrams showed that the surface undulations resulted in a reduction of about 35% in the fatigue endurance limit for the as-built WAAM material relative to the machined material, and a reduction of about 60% in fatigue life under the same load level. The as-built and machined WAAM coupons were shown to exhibit similar fatigue behaviour to conventional steel butt welds and S355 structural steel plates, respectively. Preliminary nominal stress-based and local stress-based S-N curves were also proposed for the WAAM steel.

KW - Directed energy deposition (DED)

KW - Experiments

KW - Fatigue life

KW - Geometric variability

KW - Metal 3D printing

KW - Stress concentrations

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85164572627&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103696

DO - 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103696

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85164572627

VL - 73

JO - Additive Manufacturing

JF - Additive Manufacturing

M1 - 103696

ER -