TY - JOUR

T1 - A Review on Novel Channel Materials for Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements

T2 - Usability of Hydrogels in Cardiovascular Applications

AU - Winkler, Christina Maria

AU - Kuhn, Antonia Isabel

AU - Hentschel, Gesine

AU - Glasmacher, Birgit

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by the “Caroline Herschel Program ” of the Equal Opportunities Office at the Leibniz University Hannover, the “Program Leibniz Young Investigator Grants” at the Leibniz University Hannover, the “International Neurobionics Foundation” at International Neuroscience Institute (INI) Hannover GmbH, the “German Research Foundation DFG ” Research Group FOR 2180 Graded Implants for Tendon-Bone Connections (GZ: GL 504/7-2), the program “Back2Job ” and the program “MINT Restart ”.

PY - 2022/8/12

Y1 - 2022/8/12

N2 - Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical and contactless measurement method for analyzing fluid blood dynamics in cardiovascular research. The main challenge to visualization investigated in the current research was matching the channel material’s index of refraction (IOR) to that of the fluid. Silicone is typically used as a channel material for these applications, so optical matching cannot be proven. This review considers hydrogel as a new PIV channel material for IOR matching. The advantages of hydrogels are their optical and mechanical properties. Hydrogels swell more than 90 vol% when hydrated in an aqueous solution and have an elastic behavior. This paper aimed to review single, double, and triple networks and nanocomposite hydrogels with suitable optical and mechanical properties to be used as PIV channel material, with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The properties are summarized in seven hydrogel groups: PAMPS, PAA, PVA, PAAm, PEG and PEO, PSA, and PNIPA. The reliability of the optical properties is related to low IORs, which allow higher light transmission. On the other hand, elastic modulus, tensile/compressive stress, and nominal tensile/compressive strain are higher for multiple-cross-linked and nanocomposite hydrogels than single mono-cross-linked gels. This review describes methods for measuring optical and mechanical properties, e.g., refractometry and mechanical testing.

AB - Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical and contactless measurement method for analyzing fluid blood dynamics in cardiovascular research. The main challenge to visualization investigated in the current research was matching the channel material’s index of refraction (IOR) to that of the fluid. Silicone is typically used as a channel material for these applications, so optical matching cannot be proven. This review considers hydrogel as a new PIV channel material for IOR matching. The advantages of hydrogels are their optical and mechanical properties. Hydrogels swell more than 90 vol% when hydrated in an aqueous solution and have an elastic behavior. This paper aimed to review single, double, and triple networks and nanocomposite hydrogels with suitable optical and mechanical properties to be used as PIV channel material, with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The properties are summarized in seven hydrogel groups: PAMPS, PAA, PVA, PAAm, PEG and PEO, PSA, and PNIPA. The reliability of the optical properties is related to low IORs, which allow higher light transmission. On the other hand, elastic modulus, tensile/compressive stress, and nominal tensile/compressive strain are higher for multiple-cross-linked and nanocomposite hydrogels than single mono-cross-linked gels. This review describes methods for measuring optical and mechanical properties, e.g., refractometry and mechanical testing.

KW - cardiovascular application

KW - hydrogel composites

KW - IOR matching

KW - material characterization

KW - optical and mechanical properties

KW - PIV channel material

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85137390623&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/gels8080502

DO - 10.3390/gels8080502

M3 - Review article

AN - SCOPUS:85137390623

VL - 8

JO - Gels

JF - Gels

IS - 8

M1 - 502

ER -